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06 SPAIN, BETWEEN ABSOLUTISM AND LIBERALISM, image, image, image, image,…
06 SPAIN, BETWEEN ABSOLUTISM AND LIBERALISM
THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VII AND THE RETURN TO ABSOLUTISM
Fernando VII
His reign was full of arbitrary acts and cruelty
did not even have a real government
went through so many ministers that there were more than 30 in just six years
troops under Lieutenant Colonel Riego revolted against Fernando VII and restored the Constitution of 1812
marked the start of the Trienio Liberal
an unstable period because of conflict between moderate liberals (known as doceañistas) and radical liberals and absolutists
After the restoration of absolutism by Fernando VII, liberal military uprisings followed and were then repressed
Fernando VII invoked the Treaty of the Holy Alliance between absolutist powers
an army of French soldiers and Spanish volunteers called the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis invaded Spain
the absolutist throne was restored
In 1833, Fernando VII died
His daughter Isabel inherited the throne
Fernando passed a new law before his death: the Pragmática Sanción
replaced the Salic Law, which forbade succession by women
triggered a civil war between Carlos’s supporters and Isabel’s
was the First Carlist War
THE REIGN OF ISABEL II: MODERATE LIBERALISM
Military victory over the Carlists
When Fernando VII died, there were two contenders for the throne: his brother the Infante Don Carlos and Isabel
led to the First Carlist War
was won by Isabel
Each of the contenders represented very different political options
Carlists supported absolutism
Isabel’s supporters wanted a transition to moderate liberalism
Establishment of a constitutional monarchy
However, the monarchy still maintained a large portion of power
judicial power was in the hands of the courts
absolutism was disappearing thanks to the separation of powers
Isabel held the executive powe
shared the legislative power with the parliament
Two-party system
Moderate Party
Progressive Party
Constitutions
Two constitutions were established during Isabel’s regency and reign
The first, in 1837, was written by the progressive parliament, against the regent María Cristina’s wishes
The second, in 1845, was approved by a moderate parliament favoured by the young queen
Both constitutions contained two basic characteristics of the liberal system
the inequality before the law of the society divided into estates of the realm was abolished
sovereignty was no longer exclusively in the hands of the monarch
Centralism
moderantism imposed a strongly centralised government
Desamortizaciones
land was expropriated by the state to be sold at public auction
mainly affected property that was owned by city councils and the Church
stages
Bienio Progresista
began when a group of moderate, progressive and democratic troops seized power in a rebellion known as the Vicalvarada
1854–1856
Attempts were made to liberalise politics, but within a context of social unrest
moderates were afraid of a revolution, so the queen handed them power
Crisis of moderantism
1856–1868
Moderate Party and the Liberal Union alternated in power
Década Moderada
1844–1854
government’s position was very conservative, based on the Constitution of 1845
progressives were marginalised
the recently created Democratic Party was suppressed
SEXENIO DEMOCRÁTICO: DEMOCRATIC LIBERALISM
Between 1868 and 1874, Spain had a democratic liberal regime, but severe political conflicts hindered the revolutionary process
The Revolution of 1868
Based on the agreement made in Ostend, progressive General Juan Prim and General Serrano organised the Revolution of 1868
known as La Gloriosa
Isabel II went into exile in France and the Sexenio Democrático began
Spanish Parliament approved a new constitution
included the principles of
universal suffrage
freedom of religion
national sovereignty
extending the declaration of rights
was Spain’s most advanced fundamental law to date
The democratic monarchy under Amadeo I (1871–1873)
Constitution of 1869 established a democratic monarchy, but the Parliament did not want a Bourbon monarch
selected Amadeo of Savoy, an Italian candidate supported by Prim
his short reign was marked by great instability and the death of Prim
new king abdicated after a short reign, and the Spanish Parliament declared the First Republic
General Pavia's coup d’état (1874)
government was weakened because of
Carlism
the beginning of workers’ protests
the war against the Cuban independence movement
made it possible for Alfonso of Bourbon to return to the throne
The First Republic (1873–1874)
There were four presidents during this 11-month period
Figueras
Pi i Margall
Salmerón
Castelar
none of them managed to resolve the political disagreement amongst republicans about the degree of federalism the state should have
