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05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, image, image, image, image,…
05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
1 NATION AND NATIONALISM
Nationalism
was the political interpretation of this identity and these aspirations, was influenced by different causes.
Liberalism
important when establishing the legitimacy of state power in national sovereignty and citizenship
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna
had organised the map of Europe based on their interests, which helped generate nationalist aspirations
liberal economy
States with internal markets free of privileges, barriers to trade, and uniform laws throughout the territory, favoured economic growth and industrialisation
different types of nationalist movements
unifying movements
which aspired to bring people with a common culture together, in the same state, but separated into different political units
independence movements
Greece which sought independence from the Ottoman Empire.
2 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 had repercussions in Latin America
urban development
influence of liberalism and of the independence of the United States on the urban middle classes
the marginalisation of criollos from power
interference from Great Britain
Caracas, Mexico City, Quito, Bogotá and Buenos Aires
INDEPENDENCE AND FORMATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN STATES
independence process was violent
major revolt broke out in Mexico in 1810
which indigenous people took part
LEADERS OF LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
Simón Bolívar
was a rich criollo who owned a lot of land in Venezuela
He dreamed of a new unified American nation, Gran Colombia, but he never achieved that aim
José de San Martín
He dreamed of a new unified American nation, Gran Colombia, but he never achieved that aim
San Martín and his troops crossed the Andes from Argentina to Chile and liberated Peru
not strong men, but strong civil power
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EMANCIPATION OF LATIN AMERICA
Political consequences
system of government in the new countries was a republic, but the military imposed itself on civil governments
Economic consequences
Spain lost its main source of precious metals and certain markets which were supplied by products from the Iberian Peninsula
Social consequences
criollos obtained the political power they wanted and consolidated their economic power
3 THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
German Confederation
had an assembly, called the
Diet
, chaired by the Austrian emperor
Zollverein or Customs Union
commercial union, which included a single railway network throughout the entire German territory, promoted economic development
Revolution of 1848
democratic and social demands and important impact on German cities
chancellor Otto von Bismarck
under reign of William I
planned the annexation
Alsace and Lorraine, two French regions where part of the population spoke German
Second German Empire (Second Reich) in 1871
OTTO VON BISMARCK
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck’s strong personality and long period in office had an important influence on European politics
unified Germany was the centre of many imperialist agreements and diplomatic alliances of lasting historical significance
4 THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
divided into many territories with different political systems
rest of the north was occupied by Austria
rest of the north was occupied by Austria
Naples and Sicily
south
monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
Piedmont-Sardinia
ruled by the Savoy dynasty
north-west
duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena
central area
central area
Cavour
prime minister of Piedmont
Garibaldi
Naples and Sicily were occupied by nationalist revolutionary
annexed to Piedmont
Vatican City
Papal States
not recognise the annexation and a long diplomatic conflict began
not resolved until 1929, with the Lateran Treaty
Italy
parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage
capital was Rome
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
LEADERS OF ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Giuseppe Mazzini
was a Carbonari and the founder of the newspaper and movement Giovine Italia
Giuseppe Garibaldi
revolutionary spirit, he led his volunteers, known as ‘red shirts’, to conquer the south
