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Modals and Modal Perfects - Coggle Diagram

- - - - OBLIGATION
        
        You must be back at 10 o´clock.
      - CERTAINTY THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE
        
        Look at the snow. It must be cold outside.
    - - PROHIBITION
        
        You mustn´t drive without a licence.
    - - ABILITY
        
        He is able to find any street in London.
    - - NECESSITY, OBLIGATION
        
        You have to be back at 10 o´clock
        
        You need to study a lot
    - - Certainty that something is
        impossible
        
        That story can´t be true.
    - - LACK OF OBLIGATION
        
        You don´t have to call a taxi.
    - - OPINION, ADVICE
        
        You ought to drive more carefully
        
        You should drive more carefully
    - - POSSIBILITY
        
        It may be quicker to travel by train
      - POLITE REQUEST
        
        May I come in?
    - - POSSIBILITY
        
        It might be quicker to travel by train
    - - PAST ABILTY
        
        I could play tennis when I was younger.
      - PAST SUGGESTION
        
        You could take a taxi
      - PAST REQUEST
        
        Could you take me to Victoria Station?
    - - FORMAL REQUEST
        
        Would you give this letter to the mayor, please?
      - OFFER
        
        Would you like to meet the new neighbours?
    - - SUGGESTION
        
        You can take a taxi
      - REQUEST
        
        Can you take me to Victoria Station?
      - ABILITY
        
        He can find any street in London.
- - - - A CERTAINTY ABOUT A PAST EVENT
        
        The driver must have lost his way
    - - WILLINGNESS TO DO SOMETHING, BUT IN FACT COULD NOT
        
        I would have been here earlier, but I got stuck in traffic.
    - - A GUESS ABOUT A PAST ACTION
        
        She might / may have bought a new car.
    - - EXPRESS A DEDUCTION ABOUT SOMETHING THAT DIDN'T HAPPEN IN THE PAST BASED ON PRESENT EVIDENCE
        
        She can't have passed such a difficult exam.
    - - ABILITY TO DO SOMETHING IN THE PAST, WHICH WAS NOT DONE
        
        You could have avoided that accident
    - - UNNECESSARY PAST ACTION
        
        When the party was over, I realized you needn't have cooked so much food as most of it was untouched.
    - - ADVICE WHICH WAS NOT FOLLOWED IN THE PAST
        
        He should have listened to me.
      - REGRET AFTER AN EVENT
        
        They should have won the competition
    - - SOMETHING TOOK PLACE BUT IT WASN'T DESIRABLE
        
        You shouldn´t have gone on foot.