Diseases of Immune System
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune Disorders
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Cytotoxic
Immune Complex
Immediate (allergies)
Delayed
Process
allergen interacts with antigen-presenting cell, B cells are activated and produces IgEs which bind to mast cells that causes degranulation that induces allergy symptoms
Anaphylaxis
bronchoconstriction, swelling of facial areas, uriticaria,
Epi-pen (epinephrine) counteracts response
Immunoglobulins attack antigens
Ex. Blood transfusion reaction
antigen-antibody deposits in tissue which causes damage in tissues
systemic- lupus; localized- rheumatoid arthritis
previous exposure to antigen primes T cell
T cell attacks are delayed
Ex. poison ivy, transplant rejection
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sarcoidosis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Sjögren's syndrome
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)
skin rash, joint inflammation, kidney damage, vasculitis, Raynaud's phenomenon
genetic predisposition, environmental factors, hormonal component
Diagnosis: history, physical exam and lab results
Treatment: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, methotrexate
genetic factor, environmental factor, hormonal influence
symmetrical tender swollen joints, stiff joints in morning
Diagnosis: ACR, rheumatoid factor, ESR, swan neck,
Treatment: NSAIDs, methotrexate, DMARDs, immunosuppressants
chronic, multi-system
accumulation of T cells, macrophages in organs
Diagnosis: chest x-ray (bilateral hilar), biopsy of sarcoid lesion
Treatment: good prognosis, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents; clears spontaneously in 50% of patients
dry eyes & mouth, immunological destruction of lacrimal & salivary glands
Diagnosis: ANAs, anti-Ro & anti-La
Treatment: symptom relief and limit damage due to dry eye & mouth
accumulation of fibrous tissue in skin and organs
Polyarteritis Nodosa
CREST: calcinosi, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia syndrome
Diagnosis: elevated ANAs, "ground glass" in lungs
Treatment: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants
necrotizing inflammation of blood vessels
resembles Type III
renal and visceral blood supplies are most affected
Diagnosis: anti-cytoplasmic antibodies
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Selective IgA Deficiency
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
SCID
B and T cells malfunction
treatment: bone marrow transplant
most common immune deficiencies
T cells unable to respond to Candida
Its decreased, defect in B cells, diagnosis after year 2
X-linked recessive
eczema, thrombocytopenia, and increased disease risk
defect impairs development of T cells, platelets, and Igs
Treatment: bone marrow transplant, prophylactic antibiotics
DiGeorge Syndrome
T cell deficiency due to lack of thymus development
multidisciplinary health care needed
HIV
destroys CD4 cell
Treatment: high mutation rate makes vaccine development difficult
Transmission: sexual activity, blood, breast milk, organ transplant
Antiretroviral therapy
different medications with different mech.