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Laboratory Virology - Coggle Diagram
Laboratory Virology
How are they grown?
Laboratory animals
Embryonated eggs
Induced in amniotic cavity
Most flu vaccines are still done this way!
Cell culture - gotta have the right cell line
Recognizing viruses in cell culture
Cytopathic effect
- you can see the virus doing its thing because it lyses cells (it could also cause the cells to look all round like - rounding)
Cell lysis
Rounding
Syncytia
Measles (lung tissue biopsy)
Inclusion bodies
Rabies virus (neuronal tissue)
Hemadsorption
RBCs will stick to viral proteins on cultured cells
Influenza virus (epithelial cells)
Transformation
Some oncogenic viruses cause alterations in the cells that are recognizable
How are viral infections diagnosed?
Direct detection of virus
Gotta make sure you have the correct specimen for the test
Try to collect within 1-3 days of infection
Gotta match your specimen to the assay that is available
Electron microscopy
direct visualization of virus particles
Immunofluorescence
Visualization of virus proteins (particles or antigens)
ELISA
Antibody detection of virus proteins (particles and antigens)
Lateral flow assay is rapid option
PCR
molecular detection of virus nucleic acids (genome or transcripts)
Indirect detection of viral infection
Serology
Specifically looking for the body's immune response to the virus
Can kinda only tell you if you have been exposed to the virus, doesn't necessarily mean your sick, cuz vaccines would show up as well
Most commonly accomplished by ELISA
Syndromic testing
New option :open_mouth:
Multiplex panels to simultaneously test for multiple pathogens within a single panel based on the agents most likely to cause the clinical symptom
How are they quantified?
Biological assays
Plaque assays
formation of a lysed area of cells because of the formation viruses killing neighboring cells
forms a plaque
Endpoint titration
Focus forming assay
Physical assays
Hemagglutination assay
Red pellet thingy
Direct paticle count
PCR for viral genome - generally qPCR