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NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, image, image, image, image,…
NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
Nation and Nationalism
The word nation expressed different realities
Nationalism the political interpretation of this identity, was influenced by different causes
Liberalism was important when establishing the legitimacy os state power in national sovereignty and citizenship
Napoleon and Congress of Viena had organised the map of Europe based on their interests, that helped generate nationalist aspirations
Development of liberal economy also influenced nationalism
States with internal markets free of privileges, barriers to trade and uniform laws favoured economic growth and industrialisation
There were diffferent types of naionalist movements
Unifying movements, aspired to bring people with common culture together
Independence movements, sought independence from the Ottoman Empire
Independence of Latin America
Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 had repercussions in Latin America
The cabildos or governments in America formed juntas locales as government bodies
Criollos demanded thet these juntas be open
The establishment of juntas marked the start of the road to independence for the Latin American nations
Other reasons: urban development, the influence of liberalism and the independence of United States, marginalisation of criollos from power and interference from Great Britain
Independence progress was violent, Fernando VII refused to make changes in the colonies
Major revolt broke out in Mexico in 1810 in which indigenous people took part
There were rebellions declared themselves independent
The country had proclaimed its independence after the Battle of Ayacucho adding to a total of 14 countries by 1825
Consequences of Emancipation of latin america
Social consequences, criollos obtained political power they wanted and consolidated their economic power
Political consequences, the system of government in the new countries was a republic
Economic consequences, Spain lost its main source of precious metals and certain markets which were supplied by products from the Iberian Peninsula
Unification of Germany
German Confederation replaced Holy Empire
Powerful Kingdom of Prussia maintained an authoritarian and disciplined political and mlitary organisation
German Confederation had an assembly called Diet chaired by the Austrian emperor
It was opposed to liberalism and nationalist movements
In 1834, Prussia therefore took the initiative and created the Zollverein or Customs Union
Promoted economic development and encouraged the middle class to fight for unification
The Revolution of 1848, fightened the middle class
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck led the unification in an authoritarian
He declared war on Denmark in 1864 to gain control of duchies of Schleswig and Holstein
Bismarck planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
The French were defeated at the Battle of Sedan and Prussians occupied Paris declaring the Second German Empire
Unification of Italy
In the mid of 19th century the Italians felt part of a cultural and historical unit were divided into many territories
North-west, was an independent kingdom, Piedmont-Sardinia, ruled by the Savoy dynasty
Rest of the north was occupied by Austria, was a richest region
Naples and Sicily in south formed a monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
Duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena were located in central area
Cavour allied with French and defeated the Austrians at battles of Magenta and Solferino
Duchies of central area and northern part of Italy were added to Piedmont
Naples and Sicily were occupied by nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi and also annexed to Piedmont
Pope had to renounce the Papal States and was confined to Vatican City
End result was unified country, Italy, with moderate political regime and parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage
Capital was Rome and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy was crowned king of a country with great imbalances between north and south
