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Bacteria - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Diplococci (Pairs) in Chocolate/Thayer Martin Agar
      - Causes Meningitis, Septicemia,
        Waterhouse Friedrichsen Syndrome
        (adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage and necrosis)
      - Virulence Factors
        
        Pili to attach to mucosa
        
        IgA Protease to cleave mucosal IgA
        
        Lipo-oligosaccharide instead of usual LPS
        
        Capsulated to evade immune system
      - Infection common in children, Splenectomy
    - - Causes Urethritis, Disseminated inflammation,
        Neonatal conjunctivitis (infected birth canal)
      - Diplococci (Pairs) in Chocolate+CO2/Thayer Martin Agar
      - Virulence Factors
        
        Pili to attach to mucosa
        
        IgA Protease to cleave mucosal IgA
        
        Lipo-oligosaccharide instead of usual LPS
    - - May cause opportunistic chest infection in immunocompromised
  - - - Escherichia Coli
        
        Usual in GIT Flora
        
        Causes UTI, bacteremia, GIT Sepsis, meningitis
        
        May be enterotoxogenic (causes diarrhea) or
        enterohaemorrhagic (causes bloody diarrhea)
      - Salmonella
        
        Causes Gastroenteritis, Typhoid Fever
        (Bacteremia with rose spots)
      - Shigella
        
        Causes diarrhoea
      - Klebsiella
        
        Often multi-resistant hospital acquired infection
        
        Causes pneumonia
      - Proteus
        
        Causes UTI, Renal Stones
    - - Pseudomonad Aeruginosa
        
        Important hospital acquired infection, especially in immunocompromised
        
        Causes pneumonia, UTI, skin/soft tissue infection, septicemia
        
        Causes keratitis associated with contact lens
        
        Causes green pigments on infected skin/agar
      - Vibrio Cholerae
        
        Yellow colonies on TCBS Agar
        
        Cholera Toxin has B binding site to intestinal cells and A action site to inhibit Na and HCO3 uptake in intestines causing severe diarrhea, dehydration and death
      - Burkholderia Pseudomallei
        
        Commonly found in soil, causes melioidosis
        
        RISK FACTORS include Farming, Diabetes, Alcohol, Chronic renal/lung disease, immunocompromised
      - Burkhodella Cepacia
        
        Common in Cystic Fibrosis patients
      - Stenotrophomas Maltophilla
        
        Often multi-resistant
    - - Hemophilius Influenzae
        
        Capsulated
        
        Causes pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis
      - Bordetella Pertussis
        
        Causes whooping cough
      - Legionella
        
        Associated with air conditioner cooling towers
      - Gardenia Vaginalis
        
        Associated with bacteria vaginosis
        
        Symptoms include itch, pH increase (>4.5),
        positive whiff test, clue cells
      - Brucella
        
        Often from unpasturised milk
      - Bartonella
        
        Often from sandflies, lice, cats, leading to lymph node enlargement
      - Yersenia
        
        Often from fleas, leading to lymph node enlargement
      - Pasturella Multocida
        
        Often from CAT/animal bites
      - Acinetobacter
        
        Associated in hospital acquired infection in immunocompromised
  - - - Treponema Pallidium
        
        Causes Syphilis
      - Borrelia Recurrentis
        
        Relapsing fever due to antigenic recombination
        to evade immune system
      - Borrelia Burgdoferi
        
        Spread by ticks, lead to Lyme disease
      - Leptospirosis
        
        Leads to Weil's disease (jaundice, hemorrhage, renal failure)
    - - Spirillum Minus
        
        Transmitted through rat bite
      - Campylobacter Jejuni
        
        Causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever
      - Helicobacter Pylori
        
        Associated with Peptic Ulcers
        
        Urease positive, can withstand acidic stomach environment
- - - - Sporing
        
        Bacillus
        
        Bacillus Cerus
        
        Associated with fried rice (spores grow well in warm rice)
        
        Virulence Factors
        
        Forms toxins and spores
        
        Bacillus Anthracis
        
        Causes Anthrax
        (Oedema, Septicemia, Meningitis)
        
        Virulence Factors
        
        Protein Capsule
        
        Form spores (dormant for prolonged period and activated)
        
        Tripartite Toxin (protective antigen, oedema factor, lethal factor)
      - Non-Sporing
        
        Erisipelothrix Rhusiopathiae
        
        Causes Erysipeloid (infection and oedema of fingers)
        
        Associated with marine animals, infection common in fishermen
        
        Lactobacilli
        
        Believed to prevent/manage GI infection
        
        Found in normal oral/GI/vagina flora
        
        Nocardia Asteriodes
        
        Opportunistic infection through wounds, leading to brain abscess
        
        Listeria Monocytogenes
        
        Grows well in fridge temperature, associated with animal liver
        
        Infection is common in neonates, pregnancy and immunocompromised
        
        Cause meningitis and febrile sepsis
        
        Cornybacterium Diphtheriae
        
        Cause skin/nasopharyngeal infection
        
        Leads to myocarditis and neuropathy
        
        Forms toxin with B subunit for binding, A subunit for action (damage nerve, myocardium)
    - - Sporing
        
        Clostridium Peforingens
        
        Causes cellulitis, gas gangrene, food poisoning
        
        Virulence Factors
        
        Form spores (dormant, can be reactivated)
        
        Forms exotoxins (destroyed by trypsin)
        Outbreak common in countries with trypsin inhibitor staples (soybean, sweet potato)
        
        Clostridium Botulinum
        
        Causes rapid onset flaccid paralysis (pre-formed toxins)
        
        Virulence Factors
        
        Botulinum Toxin blocks ACh release at NMJ
        ==> Flaccid Paralysis
        
        Form spores (dormant, can be reactivated)
        
        Clostridium Difficile
        
        Often hospital acquired infection associated with antibiotic usage
        
        Causes CDAD, Pseudomembranous Colitis (PMC)
        
        Clostridium Tetani
        
        Causes Tetanus
        
        Virulence Factors
        
        Form spores (dormant, can be reactivated)
        
        Forms Tetanospasmin which blocks UMN to prevent inhibitory LMN signals causing spasm
        ==> Jaw Stiffness, Spastic Paralysis
      - Non-Sporing
        
        Cutibacteria Acnes
        
        Infect Prostheses
        
        Actinomyces Israelii
        
        Causes actinomycosis (Sulfur granule on face/neck/GIT
        
        Fusobacterium Necrophrum
        
        Causes acute sore throat
  - - - Alpha Hemolytic
        
        Optochin Susceptible
        
        Strep Pneumoniae
        
        Usually in Pairs
        
        Cause Pneumonia, Meningitis, Bacteremia, Septicemia
        
        RISK Factors: Alcohol, Age, Crowding, Splenectomy
        
        Optochin Resistant
        
        Strep Viridans
        
        Causes endocarditis, especially in damaged/prosthetic valves
      - Beta Hemolytic
        
        Lancefield Group A-G
        
        Group A Strep (Strep Pyogenes)
        
        Causes Pharyngitis (mainly viral), Skin and soft tissue infection,
        Scarlet Fever, Necrotizing Fasciitis
        
        Acute Rheumatic Fever and Acute Glomerulonephritis as Sequelae
        
        Virulence Factors
        
        M proteins (evade phagocytosis & complement system)
        
        Hyaluronidase (breakdown hyaluronic to gain access to host cell)
        
        Erythrogenic toxins (super antigen, permanent cross link TCR to MHC II)
        
        Streptolysins (lyse host cell membrane – β haemolytic),
        
        Capsulated (with hyaluronic acid [found in host cell connective tissues] to evade immune system)
        
        Group B Strep (Strep Algalactiae)
        
        Found in vagina
        Cause meningitis, septic shock, neonatal sepsis
        
        Group C/G Strep (Strep Dysalgalactiae)
        
        Cause Pharyngitis, Skin & Soft tissue Infection
        
        Group D Strep (Strep Bovis)
        
        Cause Endocarditis
      - Non-Hemolytic
    - - Cause endocarditis, UTI, usually Hospital Acquired
    - - Coagulase Positive
        
        Staph Aureus
        
        Cause purulent infection in skin and soft tissue/organs, endocarditis, pneumonia,
        
        May be MRSA
        Mutation in MecA gene, changes in PBP2' Protein preventing beta lactams from binding
        
        Virulence Factors
        
        Protein A (adhere to host cell)
        
        Extracellular enzymes (coagulase)
        
        Extracellular toxins (cause tissue damage)
        NOT ALL STRAINS
        
        α toxin (form pores in host cell membrane, causing cells like epithelial cell, endothelial cell, monocyte, macrophage, neutrophils to lyse)
        
        Enterotoxin (premade toxin in contaminated food, causes rapid onset vomiting ± diarrhoea)
        
        Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 toxin (TSST 1, (super antigen, permanent cross link TCR to MHC II, leading to many T cell activation, causing cytokine release and shock - vasodilation)
        
        Epidermolytic toxin (causes epidermis to lyse over large area of skin, causing ritter’s disease, bullous impetigo etc.)
      - Coagulase Negative
        
        Staph Epidermidis
        
        Associated with Hospital Devices, causing septicemia
        
        Often multi-resistant