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Political parties - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Donations over £500 must be declared.
      - Donations of over £7,500 must be declared on the electoral roll.
      - People not on the UK electoral roll may not vote.
    - - Local spending cap
        
        In 2019 the spending limit for candidates was £8,700 + 6p per elector (urban seats) or 9p per elector (rural seats).
      - National spending cap
        
        A party may spend £30,000 per constinunciy they contest nationally (this means that if every 650 seats were contested by a party they could spend £19.5m).
  - - - The 1st million pounds are distributed equally between all eligable political parties.
      - The other million is devided up between the parties based on what percentage of votes each party won in the regions of the UK where they contested seats.
- - - - This was passed by the New Labour government to rectify some of the percived flaws within the political system.
      - Impact
        
        An inderpendent electoral commission was set up to supervise party election spending.
        
        Spending per constituency was capped at £30,000.
        
        Donnations of more than £5,000 (nationally) and £1,000 (locally) had to be declared and parties had to publish details of donnations at regular intervals.
        
        Donnations from individuals not on the UK electoral roll were banned.
    - - Public funding of political parties
        
        Arguements for
        
        Parties are key to representative democracy and so should be supported.
        
        Public funding would reduce the inequality between large and small parties.
        
        If the state matched donnations by party members, it might encrouge partcipation by the public.
        
        Reduce the possibly corrupt infleunce the rich have over political parties.
        
        Arguements against
        
        Increased state funding could lead to more regualation and less inderpendence of parties.
        
        It is hard to decide how much support a party needs to qualify.
        
        Public funding may isolate parties from the wishes of the people
        
        Taxpayers may oppose their taxes funding parties they don't support.
        
        This could be a big problem in Northern Ireland.
      - Limits to individual donnations
        
        However this was seen as biased as it did not out law union donations (something that Labour relied heavily on), but only private donnations (something the Conservatives rely heavily on).
        
        This was supported by both Labour and the Lib Dems in 2015.
- - - - Only have 1 seat in parliament, but have forced other parties (mainly Labour and the Lib dems) to adopt a more enviromental stance or they would loose votes to the Greens.
    - - Scotish Nationalist party that has seen an increase in power since devolution.
    - - A new right wing party which supports new right policies, it is unclear how popular they are compared with UKIP.
    - - Very similar to Reform UK in that they are a new right party.
  - - - This can be overcome by finding welathy donors to support the cause, this has been done by smaller right wing parties such as UKIP and Reform UK.
    - - This can be overcome by fighting for seats in devolved powers and local government instead of national government, this has worked for the Greens and smaller regional parties (SNP, DUP, Plyaid Cumyr).
    - - This can be overcome by having a strong charasmatic leader, the best examplem of this is Nigel Farge and UKIP.
    - - This can be corrected by having policies that make you stand out and are popular. UKIP have manged to gain a lot of members through the use of populist policies.
    - - Again focusing on local elections may increase their chances of winning, however this is a major problem when it comes to GEs.
- - - - 1945 to 1979
        
        This was a democractic socialist era focused wealth redistribution, increasing state control over the economy and Trade Unionism.
      - 1997-present
        
        Called New Labour this was a more centre left era marked by reduced state control over the economy (they did not nationalie industries privatised by Thatcher), it believed in a form of regulated capitalism and was focused on equality of oportunity.
    - - Caucuses (larger factions)
        
        Socailist Campaign group
        
        Membership of 35mps
        
        Democractic Socalilism
        
        Reduced power due to Keir Starmer weakening the left of the party.
        
        Future Britian Group
        
        Membership of 70-120mps
        
        Social democracy/thirdway ideology.
        
        Stronger since the rise of Keir Starmer.
      - Momentum
        
        It has a membership of 40,000 to 100,000 grass roots members.
        
        Closely aligned with Corbyn and it supports redistribution of wealth, natioanlistion, state housing and a high minimum wage.
        
        Keir Starmer has weakened Monetum through expelling many of its members.
      - New Labour
        
        No formal memebership structure, but promient members include Keir Starmer, Tony Blair and Yvette Cooper.
        
        It supports the economic centre left, close relations with NATO and the USA.
        
        Seen an increase in power since the advent of Starmer.
      - Blue Labour
        
        Mostly made up of brexit voting, working class members.
        
        It is economicly left wing, but socaily conservative.
        
        Its power varries, but with the need to win over red wall voters it is likely to see an increase in power.
      - NEC (governing body of Labour)
        
        This is made up of multiple factions within the Labour party as it is elected by the membership.
        
        It is able to ban/expell members and recomend party rule changes (however conference must approve them).
  - - - One-nation conservatives
        
        This movement came out of the work of Benjimin Disrealli who argued that if nothing was done the UK would split into two countries a country of the rich and a country of the poor.
        
        This wing of the party was most powerful in the post war years when the party was forced to accept popular Labour policies that were brought in by the Atlee government.
        
        It can be said to be comming back through the premeirships of Cameron, May and Johnson all of whom had esscences of One nationism in their work.
      - New Right conservatives
        
        Called Thatcherism this is the belief in limited government intervention in the economy and a mainting of traditional cultural values.
        
        It reached its peak under the government of Magret Thatcher and made a brief return under Liz Truss.
    - - Caucuses (larger factions)
        
        Blue Collar Conservatism Caucus
        
        Membership 160mps
        
        They aim to support and represent working class views within the Conseravtive party.
        
        It receieved a boost due to the intake of red wall mps to the Conservatives.
        
        One Nation Conservative Caucus
        
        Membership 110mps
        
        This is the centre right wing of the party and a wing of the party that is not very europsceptic.
      - Tory Reform Group
        
        This group is very similar to the One Nation Caucus.
        
        It's membership is made up of MPs and private citizens.
        
        Used to be more powerful, but not it isnt very powerful.
      - ERG
        
        Membership figures are not discolosed, but it is believed to be about 20.
        
        Supporters of a hard brexit.
        
        Very powerful
      - Conservative way forward
        
        Membership is made up of MPs and private citizens.
        
        Founded by Margret Thatcher and is focused on supporting capitalist policies, wealth creation, deregulation etc.
        
        Currently quite powerful within the party, but not as popular outside the party due to Liz Truss.
      - Cornerstone
        
        Membership of 32 mps
        
        Supporters of traditional values and brext. They are also opposed to devolution.
        
        Pretty strong.
      - 1922 Committee (not a faction as such, but similar)
        
        This is an organistion that is made up of all Tory mps and is the governing body within the party. It sets the rules of leadership elections, enables Tory mps to remove the leader and facilitates policy discusion.
        
        Very powerful
  - - - Liberty
        
        The state should intervene as little as possible in the day to day lives of the people.
      - Social justice
        
        Equality of oportunity
      - Welfare
        
        People can't be free if they live in poverty and so welfare is needed to set people free.
      - Constiutionalism
        
        There needs to be limits to the governments power.
      - Social reform
        
        They believe in the strengthing of rights.
      - Multicutluralism
        
        Different cultures should be tolerated.
      - Enviroment
        
        People's lives will be enriched by a healthy physical enviroment.
    - - Liberal left
        
        Membership is unkown.
        
        Believe in soical liberalism and working with other left wing parties.
        
        Opposed the coalition.
      - The Beveridge Group
        
        Membership of 30 sitting and former MPs (as of 2017).
        
        Believe in social liberalism and does not support the parties move to the right and towards business.
      - Liberal reform group
        
        Membership is unclear, but any lib dem can be a member.
        
        Believe in social liberalism, economic liberalism and is a centerist movement.
      - Orange Bookers
        
        Many former leaders have been members.
        
        Believe in classical liberalism with market solutions and greater personal freedom.
- - - - Representing the views of people are key to political parties.
    - - In order to win power parties aim to engage people to participate in politics.
      - Although parties vary on the power of their membership in all parties the membership have some say over policy, leadership and who stands for elections.
    - - For some people memerbship of a party will lead to standing for elections and almost all MPs do come from the political parties making them crucial for the election of candidates.
    - - Parties generate policy that embody the ideas they stand for, without this policy it would be very hard for government to function as it would be directionluss.
      - Policy is most commonly seen when parties release their manifestos for elections.
    - - Parties that win elections are able to form the government and uses this platform to pass their manifesto into law.
      - This is the end goal of the big parties, however smaller parties who are unlikely to win that many seats do not really fulfill this job.
- - - - This is where there are number of political parties, but only one has a realistic prospect of holding power.
    - - This is where two parties compere for power at elections and other parties have no real chance of breaking the monoply.
    - - Two large parties are the main players, but are challanged by smaller parties.
    - - Multiple parties contened for government and coalitions are the norm.