Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Basic Tissues - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Innervates visceral organs
    - - Layer that surrounds the CNS and roots of PNS
    - - Cranial and Spinal nerves
    - - Present in cavities of brain and spinal cord and spaces w/in meninges
    - - Brain and spinal cord
    - - Structural and functional unites of nervous system
      - Contains nerve cell bodies (perikaryon) and neuronal processes (axon and dendrites)
  - - - One axon and several dendrites
      - Brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglion
    - - Sensory
    - - Neurons have 1 axon and 1 dendrite
      - Retina and olfactory epithelium
    - - Motor
    - - One axon that soon divides into CNS and PNS (sensory and dorsal root ganglia)
  - - - Centrally placed and spherical, euchromatic
      - SEX CHROMATIN SEEN IN CATS AND RODENTS
    - - Nissl Substance
        
        Aggregation of rER and ribosspmes
      - Prominent golgi complex (secretes neurotransmitters and neurohormones
      - A lot of mitochondira and lipofuscin pigments
  - - - Axo dendritic
        
        Axon with dendrite
      - Axo axonic
        
        Axon with axon
      - Axosomatic
        
        Axon with nerve cell body
  - - - Oligodendrocytes
        
        Wrap around axons in CNS producing myelin sheath
      - Microglial
        
        Phagocytose microorganisms myelin and unwanted cellular debris in CNS
      - Astrocytes
        
        FORM BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER IN CNS
        
        Binds neurons at synapses and with capillaries and pia matter
        
        White matter= fibrours astrocytes
        
        Grey matter= protoplasmic astrocytes
      - Ependymal cells
        
        Ciliated, cuboidal or columnar cels lining brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, facilitate movement of cerebrospinal fluid
    - - Neurolemmocytes
        
        Aka schwann cells, located around axons in PNS and produce myelin sheath.
  - - - Aggregates of nerve cell bodies in PNS
      - Sensory ganglia= cranial nerves or spinal nerves, unipolar, has satellite cells
      - Autonomic ganglia are multipolar nerve cell bodies, distributed Nissl granules
    - - Efferent
      - Afferent
        
        Type of stimulus
        
        Mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptor, thermoreceptor
        
        Location
        
        Body surface, viscera, propioceptor
        
        Anatomically
        
        Nonencapsulated ( free nerve ending) and encapsulated (meissner's corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, krause
- - - - Simple epithelium
        
        Single layer on basement membrane
      - Stratified Epithelium
        
        Two or more layers with the basal layer resting on basement membrane
    - - Cuboidal
        
        Centrally placed nucleus
        
        Thyroid gland and connecting ducts of kidneys
      - Columnar
        
        Tall, narrow cells. Oval nucleus located near base of cell
        
        Stomach, intestines, gallbladder
      - Squamous
        
        Flat cells, spherical or oval bulging nucleus, scale like
        
        Lining of blood vessels, pulmonary alveoli, glomerular capsule
  - - - Single layer of cells but nucleus located at different levels so it appears stratified
        
        Trachea and Bronchi
    - - Stratified cuboidal
        
        2-3 layers, top layer cuboidal
        
        Lining of excretory ducts of glands
      - Stratified co,unar epithelium
        
        Several layers of cell, top layer is columnar cells
        
        Large ducts of parotid and mandibular gland duct
      - Stratified squamous
        
        Top layer of multilayer cells is squamous
        
        Keratinized= skin, non keratinized= cornea
    - - Lines hollow organs and capable of distension
      - Relaxed= dome shaped and bulge into lumen, stretched= few layers of flattened cells
      - Bladder
  - - - Endocrine
        
        Secretions released into intercellular fluid and transported to site of action
        
        Can be secreted into blood
      - Exocrine
        
        Simple
        
        Simple tubular
        
        Simple coiled: sweat
        
        Simple branched: Stomach
        
        Simple straight: intestines
        
        Simple alveolar or acinar: sebaceous
        
        Simple branced acinar or alveolar gland: large sebaceous gland
        
        Compound
        
        Compound tubular
        
        Compound alveolar or acinar: paroid gland
        
        Compound tubulo-alveolar: Pancreas
        
        Secretion released into system of ducts
      - Unicellular
        
        Goblet cells
      - Multicellular
        
        Salivary gland, pancreas
    - - Interlobar
        
        Between lobules
      - Lobar ducts
        
        Duct of a lobe
      - Intralobar
        
        Within lobule" striated salivary gland
      - Main ducts
        
        Duct of a gland
    - - Mucous gland
        
        Produces a think, viscous secretion that form a protective covering
        
        Lightly stained with H&E because of mucin. Flat nuclei and towards basal layer
        
        Goblet cells
      - Seromucous or mixed
        
        Serous and mucus acini. Serous cells located over mucous acini as serous demilunes
        
        Mandibular salivary gland
      - Serous gland
        
        Produces a thin, watery secretion
        
        Spherical nuclei in center and apical cytoplasm has secretory granules
        
        Parotid salivary gland
    - - Functional unit of any organ, part that is doing secreting
    - - Supporting Parnechyma
  - - - Accumulate on apical cytoplasm part of cell, then break down and separate
    - - Found in sebaceous gland
      - Older cells push up and degrenerate, stem cells divide causing the push up
    - - Secretory granules enclosed in membrane and discharged by exocytosis
        
        From ER, then lysosomes, then secreted out
    - - Secretion is between cell to cell
      - Melanin, spreading to neighboring cells
      - Cytoplasm to cytoplasm
- - - - Striated and involuntary
      - A network of fine reticular and collagenous fibers surround each cardiac muscle fiber
      - Myofibril arrangement similar to skeletal muscle
      - Purkinje fibers
        
        Impulse conducting fibers in cardiac muscles
        
        Centrally located nucleus surrounded by granular sarcoplasm
      - NO REGENERATIVE CAPACITY, has proliferation of CT forming myocardial scar
    - - Non striated and involuntary
      - Elongated, spindled shaped with centrally located nucleus and acidophilic cytoplasm
      - Individual myocytes are surrounded by fine network of reticular fibers (produced by myocytes
      - A lot of thin filaments, not as much thick. No troponin
      - Dense bodies in cytoplasm are anchor sites for myofilaments
        
        Intermediated filaments further link dense bodies
      - Has vesicles for calcium transport
      - ACTIVE REGENERATION by mitosis
    - - Striated and voluntary
      - Multiple oval shaped nuclei located peripherally, sacroplasm contains smooth ER, glycogen, mitochondria, and myoglobin
        Covered by sacrolemma
      - Arrangement
        
        Endomysium
        
        Perimysium
        
        Epimysium
        
        Made of dense irregular CT
        
        Surrounds muscle fiber, this is a collagen fiber that is dense irregular CT
        
        Muscle fiber
        
        Satellite cells
        
        Spindled shaped heterochromatic nuclei, adjacent to myocytes, they are inactive myoblast that are activated to help regenerate injury
      - Red vs white muscle fiber
        
        Red
        
        Slower, smaller, a lot of myoglobin and mitochondria
        
        Eyes
        
        White
        
        Fast, larger, few mitochondria, both slow and fast twitch muscle fibers
        
        Upper limbs, neck, back
      - Thin vs thick filaments
        
        Myofibrils are composed of thin and thick filaments
        
        Thick
        
        Consist of mostly myosin
        
        Thin
        
        Composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
        
        Band
        
        A band
        
        Thin and thick filaments overlap. Dark band
        
        I band
        
        Only thin. Light color
        
        Alternating A and I band are striation
        
        Z line
        
        Dark line, made of dense proteins which connect the actin filaments of I band
        
        H zone
        
        Only thick
      - LIMITED REGENERATION, satellite cells help
- - - - Fibers
        
        Reticular
        
        Delicate, flexible network around capillaries and nerves
        
        Stained silver
        
        Individual collagen fibrils coated with proteoglycans and glycoproteins
        
        Elastic
        
        Present in structures that require elasticity (aorta, nuchal ligament, lungs)
        
        Individual, branched, and coiled fibers, made of elasin protein
        
        Light pink stained
        
        Collagen fibers
        
        Strong and flexible, not elastic, wavy
        
        Seen in mature CT and composed of fibrous protein
        
        Seen in tendon, ligaments and organ capsules
      - Amorphous Ground substance
        
        Cells and fibers of CT are embedded in a amorphous ground substance, made of glycosamino glycans and proteoglycans
        
        Dermatin sulphate
        
        Tendons and ligaments
        
        Chondroitin sulphate
        
        In cartilage, bone, and large blood vessels
        
        Keratin sulphate- cartilage and bones
        
        Hyaluronic acid
        
        In vitreous body of eye and in synovial fluid
        
        Heparin sulphate
        
        Arteries and lungs
        
        Proeoglycans
        
        Covelently linking of GAG to a protein core
      - Cells
        
        Mesenchymal cells
        
        Irregularly shaped cells near BV, can differentiate into other connective tissue cells
        
        Fibroblasts
        
        Synthesis of fibers and intercellular ground substance
        
        Stages of activity:
        
        Fibroblast
        
        Active, long branched cytoplasm process, euchromatic, has RER and golgi
        
        Fibrocyte
        
        Inactive
        
        Myofibroblast
        
        Containing actin filament, important for contraction in healing
        
        Reticular cells
        
        Produces reticular fibers
        
        Spherical nucleus with basophilic cytoplasm
        
        Adipocytes
        
        Unilocular
        
        Nucleus in periphery, large lipid droplets
        
        Multiclocular
        
        Brown fat, central nucleus with fat droplets that have a high concentration of mitochondria in cytoplasm
        
        Fat cells
        
        Pericytes
        
        Elongated cells that wrap around endothelial cells lining BV
        
        Contains actin and myosin to regulate blood flow
        
        Can change into other cells to help with healing
        
        Plasma cells
        
        Cart-wheel cells
        
        Basophilic cytoplasm
        
        Seen a lot in lymphatic tissue and lamina propria of GIT. Develop from B lymphocytes and produce antibodies
        
        Macrophages
        
        Phagocytic cells from monocytes, migrates from BV walls into connective tissues. Has a lot of lysosomes
        
        Pigment cells
        
        Cells containing melanin
        
        Mast cells
        
        Seen in loose CT, around a lot of BV
        
        has a lot of secretory granules in cytoplasm
        
        Produces heparin and histamine
    - - Adult
        
        Elastic
        
        Numerous regular or irregular elastic fibers, vocal ligament
        
        Reticular
        
        Made of reticular cells
        
        Dense
        
        Thick collagenous fibers and few fibroblast
        
        Dense regular
        
        Tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis
        
        Dense irregular
        
        Capsule of organs, deep layer of dermis
        
        Adipose
        
        Made of adipocytes in loose CT
        
        Loose or areolar
        
        Found beneath epithelium (lamina propia) around BC and nerve and in serous membranes
        
        Ground substance predominates
        
        Loose network of fine collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers
        
        Multiple cell types
      - Special
        
        Cartilage
        
        Made of chondroblast and chondrocytes, lacks BV
        
        Chondroblast
        
        Spherical nucleus, basophilic
        
        Found in matrix of cartilage and found in growing cartilage
        
        Chondrocyte
        
        In lacuna, the cells fill the lacuna
        
        Cartilage matrix
        
        Made of fibers and ground substance
        
        Types of cartilage
        
        Elastic cartilage
        
        Pinna and epiglottis
        
        Same as hyaline cartilage but there is a large amount of elastic fibers present
        
        Fibrocartilage
        
        Intervertebral disks and menischi
        
        Perichondrium poorly developed, surrounded by collagen fibers
        
        Hyaline cartilage
        
        Articular surface of bones, nose and trachea
        
        Chondrocytes occur singly in a lacuna or in clusters
        
        Surrounded by perichondrium, which is composed of the fibrous layer and inner layer of chondroblast
        
        Bone
        
        Cells of bone
        
        Osteocytes
        
        Derived from osteoblasts, is in the lacuna, surrounded by interstital matrix
        
        Connect with adjacent osteocytes through canaliculi
        
        Osteoclast
        
        Multinucleated cells located all around bone
        
        Secretes acid and lysosomal enzymes for bone reabsorption
        
        Has ruffled border due to extensive infoldings of cell membrane
        
        Osteoblast
        
        Columnar to squamous shaped
        
        Basophilic nucleus in the basal region of cell
        
        Secretes osteoid (organic matter of bony matrix) which is calcified by calcium salts
        
        Bone Matrix
        
        Deposited in collagen network
        
        Contains organic and inorganic matter
        
        Bone structure
        
        Epiphyseal cartilage
        
        Growth plate
        
        Periosteum
        
        Fibrous and osteogenic layers, absent on articulating surfaces and where tendons and ligaments attach
        
        Diaphysis
        
        Body/ shaft
        
        Endosteum
        
        Line the marrow cavity with a single layer of squamous cells, osteoblast, and osteoclasts
        
        Epiphyses
        
        Extremity, proximal and distal
        
        Compact vs spongey bone
        
        Compact bone
        
        Contains osteons/ haversain systems,outer and inner circumferential lamellae, and interstital lamellae
        
        Each osteon has a haversian canal surrounded by concentric lamellae
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spongey bone= Delicate bony plates and spicules which run in various directions
        
        Intremembranous ossification
        
        Bone is first laid down in aggregates of mesenchymal cells from which bone is directly formed
        
        Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblast cells which secretes osteoid, then mineralization occurs
        
        When osteoblast goes in matrix, it converts to osteocyte
        
        1 more item...
        
        Endochondral ossification
        
        Order
        
        Bone formed as hyaline cartilage models-->replaced by bone tissue
        
        Cartilage model keep growing prenatal, postnatal, and until puberty
        
        Cartilage model is surrounded by pericondrium
        
        Mesenchymal cells differentiant into chondroblast which produce intercellular matrix of hyaline cartilage
        
        Primary center of ossification develops in diaphysis and begins as periosteal collar which is bone tissue formed by the cartilage model of chondroblast and differentiates into osteoblast. Then degeneration happens and BV enters the degenerate cartilage model. The osteoblast deposit the osseuos tissue
        
        Secondary centers of ossification are the same but occur in the epiphysis
        
        Epiphyseal growth plate zones
        
        Hypertrophic cartilage zone
        
        Contains enlarged chondrCYTES leading to degeneration
        
        Calcified zone
        
        Deposit of calcium over cartilage matrix
        
        Proliferative zone
        
        Chondroblast rapidly divide and form columns of stacked cells
        
        Ossification zone
        
        Endochondral bone tissue formed by deposition of bone matrix by osteoblast
        
        Reserve zone
        
        Hyaline cartilage adjacent to epiphysis
        
        Articular cartilage
        
        The two ends of the of the epiphysis remains cartilage. Persists throughout the adult life, no bone growth
        
        Bone repair
        
        In hairline fracture osteoblast from the periosteum and endosteum come in and proliferate to form the bony trabeculae bridge
        
        In other fractures osteoblast and mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblast to produce the cartilage bridge and is replaced by bone, the newly formed bone is called callus
      - Embryonic
        
        Mesenchymal CT
        
        Made of mesenchymal cells and amorphous ground substance
        
        Found in embryo and turns into a lot of adult CT
        
        Mucous or gelatinous CT
        
        Found in umbilical cord in the embryo and omasal laminae, reticular fold, and bovine glans penis
        
        Fibroblasts and viscous, gel like amorphous ground substance