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Cardiovascular System- Natalia Gomez Period: 5 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System- Natalia Gomez Period: 5
Major components and functions of Blood
Components
Matrix is nonliving fluid called plasma
– Cells are living blood cells called formed elements
Cells are suspended in plasma
Protection :
Preventing blood loss
Plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
– Preventing infection
Agents of immunity are carried in blood
– Antibodies
– Complement proteins
– White blood cells
Regulation
Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
– Maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
– Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Transports-
Transport functions include:
– Delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
– Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
– Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Components
– Plasma on top (~55%)
Thin, whitish layer between RBCs and plasma layers
– WBCs and platelets in Buffy coat (< 1%)
Hematocrit: percent of blood volume that is RBCs
Layers of the heart
Pericardium: double-walled sac that surrounds heart; made up of two layers
– Deep two-layered serous pericardium
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart
Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
– Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
– Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood
vessels
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
P wave
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
– QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
– T wave: ventricular repolarization
– P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
– S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
– Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular
repolarization
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac cycle: blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
– Atrial systole and diastole are followed by ventricular systole and diastole
– Cycle represents series of pressure and blood volume changes
– Mechanical events follow electrical events seen on ECG
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Tachycardia: abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats/min)
– If persistent, may lead to fibrillation
• Bradycardia: heart rate slower than 60 beats/min
– May result in grossly inadequate blood circulation in nonathletes
– May be desirable result of endurance training
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
Blood Flows to part of the heart is blocked off
Causes: Blood clot, obesity, and smoking
Symptoms :Chest Pain, dizziness, and sweating
Treatment Options: Angioplasty, lifestyles change, &coronary bypass
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Arteries narrow and blood flow to extremities
Causes: Smoking, obesity & diabetes
Symptoms: Leg and arm pain, weak pulse, wound doesn't heal
Treatment: medication, Bypass surgery
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Blood flow to portion of the brain is interrupted
Causes: Blood Clot in artery to brain, Age/Race
Symptoms: severe headache . muscle weakness
Treatment: Blood thinners, lifestyle changes
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart
Causes: virus, bacterial, recent surgery
Symptoms: Fear, Edema, fatigue
Treatment: Antibiotics, pacemaker implantation
Congenital Heart Disease
Issue with heart structure and function
Causes: Tetralogy of Fallot, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenos
Symptoms: may cause death, may be asymptomatic
treatment: medication, surgical intervention, some abnormalities
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Delivering oxygen
-nutrients
-hormones
-to protect the body from any infections
-help maintain body temperature
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
The Superior Vena Cava goes
into the right atrium which then
goes through the tricuspid valve
and into the right ventricle and forces itself
into the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
and into the Pulmonary trunk/artery
Which then circles to the lungs and
back to the heart and goes into the left atrium into
the bicuspid valve and the left ventricle
then into the aortic semilunar valve
and into the aorta then through the
inferior Vena Cava
Blood flow through the heart and body
Right ventricle: most of anterior surface
– Left ventricle: posteroinferior surface
– Trabeculae carneae: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
– Papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity
Anchor chordae tendineae that are attached to heart valves
– Thicker walls than atria
Right ventricle: most of anterior surface
– Left ventricle: posteroinferior surface
– Trabeculae carneae: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
– Papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity
Anchor chordae tendineae that are attached to heart valves
– Thicker walls than atria
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO blood groups
Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of
RBCs
Blood may contain preformed anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins)
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
veins
Veins: carry blood toward the heart
• Formation begins when capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger
and larger veins
• Venules
• Capillaries unite to form postcapillary venules
– Consist of endothelium and a few pericytes
– Very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissues
capillaries
Capillaries
• Microscopic vessels; diameters so small only single RBC can pass through at a time
• Walls just thin tunica intima; in smallest vessels, one cell forms entire circumference
• Supply almost every cell
Arteries divided into three groups, based on size and function
– Elastic arteries: thick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen
Arterioles
Arterioles: smallest of all arteries
Muscular arteries
Elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries
Also called distributing arteries because they deliver blood to body organs
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Blood vessels: delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
– Work with lymphatic system to circulate fluids
• Arteries: carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and
umbilical vessels of fetus
• Capillaries: direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs
• Veins: carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and
umbilical vessels of fetus