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Cardiovascular System Monica Robles Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System
Monica Robles
Period 5
Major Components
and
functions of the
Blood
Functions:
Transport
delivers O2 and nutrients
metabolic waste to kidney and lings for elimination
transports hormones for endocrine to target organs
Regulation
maintain body temp
maintain normal pH
maintain fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection
prevent blood loss
prevent infection
Components/ Composition
Blood Plasma
Formed Elements
Erythocytes
= red blood cells
Leukocytes
= white blood cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
only complete cells with nuclei and organelles
Function
: defend against diseases
Leukocytosis
: increase in white blood cells, normal responce to infection
two major categories:
1) Granulocytes - contain visible cytoplasm granules
2) Agranulocytes - do NOT contain visible cytoplasmic granules
Disorders:
Leukemias
and
Infectious Mononucleosis
: OVERPRODUCTION
Leukopenia
: LOW WBC
Platelets
involves in blood clotting
Function
: STOPS BLOOD FLOW, forms a temporary plug
Erythocytes
small; filled with hemoglobin
Function
: respitory gas transport
Erythropoiesis
: formation of red blood cells
Hematopoiesis
: formation of all RBC
Disorders
: Anemia- blood has low O2 capacity, cannot support metabolism
groups based on cause:
1)Blood Loss
2) not enough RBC produced
3) Too many RBC being destroyed
Major Functions of the
Cardiovascular System
Arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
divided into 3 groups
(based on size and function)
Elastic Arteries
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles
Muscular Arteries
deliver blood to organs
Arterioles
control flow into capillary beds
Elasic Arteries
act as pressure reservoirs; recoil blood
Capillaries & Capillary Beds
serve cellular needs
Function
: exchange of gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, ect... bwtween blood
Capillary Beds
- network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
found in serious membrane
1. Vascular Shunt:
channel that directly connects arteriole with venule
2. Precapillary Sphincter
: act as valve regulating blood flow to capillary bed
Blood Vessels
delivery system that begins and ends at heart
All consist of Lumen, central blood-containing space, surrounded by a wall
wall contains three layers:
Tunica intima
- innermost layer
Tunica media
- Middle layer
Tunica Externa
- outermost layer
Tunica Intima
Endothelium
: simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of all vessels
Subendothelial layer
: connective tissue basement membrane
Tunica Media
Vasoconstricrion
: decrease lumen diameter
Vasodilation
: increase lumen diameter
Tunica Externa
protect and renforce wall and anchor it to surrounding structures
Veins
carry de-oxygenated blood towards the heart
Tunica Media
= thin
Tunica Externa
= thick
Venous Valves - prevent backflow of blood
Venous Sinuses - flattened veins with extremly thin walls
Anatomy of Heart
(chambers and valves)
Chambers
Recieiving Chambers of heart
Right Atrium
- receives blood returning from systemic circiut
Left atrium
- receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
Pumping Chambers of heart
Right Ventricle
- pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
Left Ventricle
- pumps blood through systemic circuit
Ineratrial Septum
: separates atrias
Interventricular Septum
: separates ventricles
Valves
Function
: ensure unidirectional blood flow through heart
opens and closes in response to pressure change
Two major types:
Atrioventricular valves
- between atria and ventricles
Semilunar Valves
- between ventricles and major arteries
ABO, Rh Blood Types
ABO Blood Groups
based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens on surface of RBC
blood can contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies
Rh Blood Types
AB "Universal Recipient"
B
A
O "Universal Donor"
positive symbol "+" = containing Rh protein
negative symbol "-" = lacking Rh protein
Layers and Coverings
of the Heart
Layers of the heart
OUTERMOST -
Epicardium
: visceral layer of serious pericardium
MIDCENTER -
Myocardium
: circular/bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
INNERMOST -
Endocardium
: continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Coverings of the Heart
Pericardium
: surrounds the heart
Parietal Layer
: lines
INTERNAL
surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral Layer (
epicardium
)
:
external
surface of heart
Cardiac Cycle and ECG
Heart Sounds
There are two sounds (
lub
-
dup
) associated with closing of heart
1st sound
-
closing
of
AV
valves at beginning of ventricular
systore
2nd sound
-
closing
of
SL
valves at beginning of ventricular
diastole
4 different regions where heart beat can be heard:
Aortic Valve, Pulmonary Valve, Mitral Valve, Tricuspid Valve
Cardiac Output
: amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
Steps During One Heartbeat
Sinoatrial
(SA)
Node
generates inpulses
inpulses pause at the
Atrioventricular
(AV)
Node
Atrioventricular
(AV)
Bundle
connects the atria to the ventricles
Bundle Branches
conduct the impulses through the interventricular system
Subendocardial Conducting Network
depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles
ECG
Electrocardiograph
: detects electrical currents generated by heat
Electrocardiogram
(
ECG or EKG
)
: recording of electrical cavity
Main features:
P wave
: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS Complex
: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T Wave
: ventricular repolarization
P-R interva
l: beginning of atril excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment:
entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval:
beginning of ventricular depolarization through vebtricular repolarization
Structural and Functional differences between arteries, capillaries, and veins
Veins
Function
: carries the blood towards the heart
tunica media=
thin
tunica externa =
thick
Formation
: begins when capillary beds unite in post capillary venules and merge into larger veins
Capillaries
Function
: serve cellular needs; exchange gases, nutrients, hormones, ect...
diameter- very small; only one RBC can pass at a time
Capillary Beds
found in serous membranes
contain many features:
Vascular Shunt
: channel that directly connects arteriole with ventricle
Precapillary Sphincter
: acts as valve regulating blood flow to capillary beds
Arteries
Function
: carry blood away from heart
divided into 3 groups
1.
Elastic Arteries
2.
Muscular Arteries
3.
Arterioles
- control flow into capillary beds
Blood flow through the heart and body
the
deoxygenated
blood enters the
superior Vena Cava
Blood flows into the
Right Atrium
Then into the
Tricuspid Valve
Blood goes into the
right ventricle
Then through the
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
next into the
pulmonary arteries
that leads to the
lungs
The blood in now
oxygenated
and goes through the
Pulmonary Veins
flowing into the
left atrium
then into the
Bicuspid Valve
Blood goes into the
left ventricle
Then through the
Aortic Semilunar Valve
leading to the
aorta
into the
systemic arteries and veins
, by now the blood is now being
disburst through the body
the process repeats into the
inferior vena cave
Vital Signs (BP and Pulse)
BP
Blood Pressure
: force per unit
Systemic Blood Pressure
--- generates blood flow
Arterial Blood Pressure
contain two types of pressures
Systolic
and
Diastolic
Systolic Pressure
: pressure exterted in aorta during ventricular contraction
WHEN SOUND FIRST APPEARS
Diastolic Pressure:
lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
WHEN SOUND DISAPPREARS
Vital Signs
Vital Signs
: pulse and blood pressure, along with respitory rate and body temperature
Taking a pulse:
--
Radial Pulse
(wrist): most done but there are others
--
Pressure Points
: areas where arteries are close to body surface
Disorders of the
cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident (
Stroke
):
Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Endocarditis and Myocarditis
: Inflammation of the heart
Peripheral Artery Disease (
PAD
):
the arteries narrow and reduce the blood flow to extremities
Congenital Heart Disease
: Issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
Myocardial Infarction (
Heart Attack
):
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Major Blood Vessels
(names arteries and veins)
Major arteries
Aorta
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Veins
Major Veins
Pulmonary Veins
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava