Natalie Valdivia
Period: 3
Cardiovascular System

Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers,and valves)

ABO, Rh blood types

Blood flow through the heart and body

Major functions of the cardiovascular system

Layers of the heart

Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)

Disorders of the cardiovascular system

Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)

Vital signs (BP and Pulse)

Cardiac cycle and the ECG

Major Components and Functions Of Blood

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

Myocardium

There are three layers in the heart

Pulmonary circuit:
Blood flow between heart and lungs

Systemic circuit:
Blood flow between heart and body tissues

Blood flow proceeds in a continuous circle

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Endocarditis & Myocarditis

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Congenital Heart Disease

Myocardial Infraction (Heart Attack)

Symptoms

Causes or Risk factors

Description

Treatment Options

Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked (heart attack)

-Blood clot
-High blood pressure
-stress

-Chest pain
-Dizziness
-Shortness of breath

-Nitroglycerin
-Thrombolytics
-Open heart surgery

Causes or Risk factors

Symptoms

Description

Treatment Options

Causes or Risk factors

Symptoms

Description

Treatment Options

Description

Causes or Risk factors

Symptoms

Treatment Options

Causes or Risk factors

Symptoms

Description

Treatment Options

-Blood vessel inflammation
-Smoking
-Diabetes

Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities

-Medication
-Bypassing surgery
-Lifestyle changes

-Leg and arm pain
-Skin color changing in extremities
-Weak pulse

Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted (stroke)

-Blood clot in artery to the brain
-Aneurysm
-High blood pressure

-Severe headache
-Memory loss
Change in alertness

-Thrombolytics
-Blood thinners
-Physical therapy

Inflammation of the heart

-Virus, bacterial, or fungal infection
-Heart valve damage
-Rheumatoid arthritis

-Heart palpitations
-Chest pain
-Fatigue

-Antibiotics
-Medication
-Reduced activity

-Medication
-Surgical intervention
-Some abnormalities may heal on their own

-Dependent on condition
-Cyanosis common
-May cause death

Hereditary and Include:
-Tetralogy of fallot
-Aortic stenosis
-Atrial Septal defect (ASD)

Issue with heart structure and or function present from birth

Endocardium

the outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium; decreases friction in the heart

the middle layer; consists of cardiac muscle, and is the thickest layer of the heart wall; pumps blood out of heart
chambers

the inner layer; made up of connective tissue and epithelium; continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart; contains the Purkinje fibers (part of the cardiac conduction system)

Oxygen-poor blood goes into
1.Superior vena cava

  1. Right atrium
    3 Tricuspid valve
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  4. Pulmonary arteries
  5. Lungs
  6. Pulmonary vein
  7. Left arteries
  8. Bicuspid valve
  9. Left ventricle
  10. Aortic semilunar valve
  11. Aorta
  12. Systemic veins
  13. Inferior vena cava

Capillaries

Venules

Arterioles

Veins

Arteries

strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-
pressure blood

usually transport blood away from the heart

blood vessels with the smallest diameter

They connect small arterioles to small venules

They consist only of a layer of endothelium, through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells (diffusion)

Venules leading from capillaries merge to form larger veins, that
return blood to the heart

Veins also function as blood reservoirs

Transports blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart; valves prevent backflow of blood; serves as a blood reservoir

Thinner wall than an artery but with similar layers; the vein middle layer is much thinner; some veins have flaplike valves

Thinner wall than an artery but with three layers; smaller arterioles have an endothelial lining, some smooth muscle tissue, and a small amount of connective tissue

Connects an artery to a capillary; helps control blood flow into a capillary by vasoconstricting or
vasodilating

Blood Pressure (BP)

Force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels

BP exists all through the cardiovascular system

"blood pressure" usually refers to systemic arterial
pressure

Transports blood toward the heart

Veins

Capillaries

Arteries

structure: Thick, strong wall with three layers—an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue

Function:Transports blood under relatively high pressure
from heart to arterioles

Structure: Thinner wall than an artery but with similar
layers;the vein middle layer is much thinner;
some veins have flaplike valves

Function:Transports blood under relatively low pressure
from a venule to the heart; valves prevent backflow of blood; serves as a blood reservoir

Structure: Single layer of squamous epithelium Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be

click to edit

Functions: Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid; connects an arteriole to a venule

ABO Blood Group

ABO blood types, including Rh factor, should be the same in the
donor and recipient, if possible

Type A blood has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B
antibodies in the plasma

Type B blood has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A
antibodies in the plasma

Type O blood has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both
types of antibodies in the plasma; universal donor

Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but
neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient

Rh Blood group

In humans, group includes several Rh antigens or factors

Most common antigen of the group is Antigen D

Rh blood group was named after the rhesus monkey

If the Rh factor (antigen D) is present on a person’s red blood cells,
the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative

There are 2 ways in which an Rh-negative individual can have
contact with Rh-positive blood: a transfusion or pregnancy

If an Rh-negative woman carries an Rh-positive baby, she may be
exposed to the Rh-positive blood during delivery:

The mother will now make anti-Rh antibodies that could attack
the blood of a future Rh-positive baby; this is called erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic disease of the fetus or
newborn

The problem can be prevented by giving the mother the drug,
RhoGAM, a type of anti-Rh antibody that binds to and shields he fetus’s RBCs from the mother’s immune system; this can be given at week 28 of pregnancy, and prevents the mother from producing anti-Rh antibodies

4 chambers

Valves

2 upper chambers called atria (left and right)

2
lower chambers called ventricles (left and right)

tricuspid valve

(bicuspid or mitral) valve

atrioventricular (AV) valve

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

Found in entrance to aorta

Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

Found in opening between left atrium
and left ventricle

Prevents blood from moving from the
left ventricle into the left atrium during
ventricular contraction

Found in entrance to the pulmonary trunk

Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle
during ventricular relaxation

Found in Opening between right atrium
and right ventricle

Prevents blood from moving from the
right ventricle into the right atrium
during ventricular contraction

Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues

Removes waste from the tissues

Arteries transport blood away from the heart

Veins transport blood toward the heart

Capillaries are vessels that run between arteries and veins

ECG

Electrocardiogram (ECG): a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle

P Wave: The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; this leads to the contraction of the atria

QRS Complex: Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex, but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event

T Wave: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relaxation

Cardiac cycle

First the atria contract (called atrial systole), while ventricles
relax (called ventricular diastole)

Then the ventricles contract (called ventricular systole), while the atria relax (called atrial diastole)

Then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment