Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Natalie Valdivia Period: 3 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Natalie Valdivia
Period: 3
Cardiovascular System
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers,and valves)
4 chambers
2 upper chambers called atria (left and right)
2
lower chambers called ventricles (left and right)
Valves
tricuspid valve
Found in Opening between right atrium
and right ventricle
Prevents blood from moving from the
right ventricle into the right atrium
during ventricular contraction
(bicuspid or mitral) valve
Found in opening between left atrium
and left ventricle
Prevents blood from moving from the
left ventricle into the left atrium during
ventricular contraction
atrioventricular (AV) valve
Pulmonary valve
Found in entrance to the pulmonary trunk
Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle
during ventricular relaxation
Aortic valve
Found in entrance to aorta
Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO Blood Group
Type A blood has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B
antibodies in the plasma
Type B blood has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A
antibodies in the plasma
Type O blood has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both
types of antibodies in the plasma; universal donor
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but
neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient
ABO blood types, including Rh factor, should be the same in the
donor and recipient, if possible
Rh Blood group
In humans, group includes several Rh antigens or factors
Most common antigen of the group is Antigen D
Rh blood group was named after the rhesus monkey
If the Rh factor (antigen D) is present on a person’s red blood cells,
the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative
There are 2 ways in which an Rh-negative individual can have
contact with Rh-positive blood: a transfusion or pregnancy
If an Rh-negative woman carries an Rh-positive baby, she may be
exposed to the Rh-positive blood during delivery:
The mother will now make anti-Rh antibodies that could attack
the blood of a future Rh-positive baby; this is called erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic disease of the fetus or
newborn
The problem can be prevented by giving the mother the drug,
RhoGAM, a type of anti-Rh antibody that binds to and shields he fetus’s RBCs from the mother’s immune system; this can be given at week 28 of pregnancy, and prevents the mother from producing anti-Rh antibodies
Blood flow through the heart and body
Pulmonary circuit:
Blood flow between heart and lungs
Systemic circuit:
Blood flow between heart and body tissues
Blood flow proceeds in a continuous circle
Oxygen-poor blood goes into
1.Superior vena cava
Right atrium
3 Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left arteries
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Systemic veins
Inferior vena cava
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Removes waste from the tissues
Arteries transport blood away from the heart
Veins transport blood toward the heart
Capillaries are vessels that run between arteries and veins
Layers of the heart
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
the outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium; decreases friction in the heart
Myocardium
the middle layer; consists of cardiac muscle, and is the thickest layer of the heart wall; pumps blood out of heart
chambers
There are three layers in the heart
Endocardium
the inner layer; made up of connective tissue and epithelium; continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart; contains the Purkinje fibers (part of the cardiac conduction system)
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Capillaries
blood vessels with the smallest diameter
They connect small arterioles to small venules
They consist only of a layer of endothelium, through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells (diffusion)
Venules
Venules leading from capillaries merge to form larger veins, that
return blood to the heart
Arterioles
Thinner wall than an artery but with three layers; smaller arterioles have an endothelial lining, some smooth muscle tissue, and a small amount of connective tissue
Connects an artery to a capillary; helps control blood flow into a capillary by vasoconstricting or
vasodilating
Veins
Veins also function as blood reservoirs
Transports blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart; valves prevent backflow of blood; serves as a blood reservoir
Thinner wall than an artery but with similar layers; the vein middle layer is much thinner; some veins have flaplike valves
Transports blood toward the heart
Arteries
strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-
pressure blood
usually transport blood away from the heart
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Causes or Risk factors
-Blood clot in artery to the brain
-Aneurysm
-High blood pressure
Symptoms
-Severe headache
-Memory loss
Change in alertness
Description
Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted (stroke)
Treatment Options
-Thrombolytics
-Blood thinners
-Physical therapy
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Description
Inflammation of the heart
Causes or Risk factors
-Virus, bacterial, or fungal infection
-Heart valve damage
-Rheumatoid arthritis
Symptoms
-Heart palpitations
-Chest pain
-Fatigue
Treatment Options
-Antibiotics
-Medication
-Reduced activity
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Causes or Risk factors
-Blood vessel inflammation
-Smoking
-Diabetes
Symptoms
-Leg and arm pain
-Skin color changing in extremities
-Weak pulse
Description
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Treatment Options
-Medication
-Bypassing surgery
-Lifestyle changes
Congenital Heart Disease
Causes or Risk factors
Hereditary and Include:
-Tetralogy of fallot
-Aortic stenosis
-Atrial Septal defect (ASD)
Symptoms
-Dependent on condition
-Cyanosis common
-May cause death
Description
Issue with heart structure and or function present from birth
Treatment Options
-Medication
-Surgical intervention
-Some abnormalities may heal on their own
Myocardial Infraction (Heart Attack
)
Symptoms
-Chest pain
-Dizziness
-Shortness of breath
Causes or Risk factors
-Blood clot
-High blood pressure
-stress
Description
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked (heart attack)
Treatment Options
-Nitroglycerin
-Thrombolytics
-Open heart surgery
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Veins
Structure:
Thinner wall than an artery but with similar
layers;the vein middle layer is much thinner;
some veins have flaplike valves
Function:
Transports blood under relatively low pressure
from a venule to the heart; valves prevent backflow of blood; serves as a blood reservoir
Capillaries
Structure:
Single layer of squamous epithelium Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be
Functions
: Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid; connects an arteriole to a venule
Arteries
structure
: Thick, strong wall with three layers—an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue
Function
:Transports blood under relatively high pressure
from heart to arterioles
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood Pressure (BP)
Force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
BP exists all through the cardiovascular system
"blood pressure" usually refers to systemic arterial
pressure
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
ECG
Electrocardiogram (ECG): a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle
P
Wave
: The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; this leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS
Complex
: Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex, but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event
T
Wave
: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relaxation
Cardiac cycle
First the atria contract (called atrial systole), while ventricles
relax (called ventricular diastole)
Then the ventricles contract (called ventricular systole), while the atria relax (called atrial diastole)
Then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
Major Components and Functions Of Blood