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Evelyn Santiago P2 - Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Evelyn Santiago P2 - Cardiovascular System
Blood
Functions
Transportation
O2 & Nutrients -> Body
meta-waste -> lungs & kidneys = elimination
hormones from endo-organs -> target organs
Regulation
body temp by absorb/distribute heat
normal pH w/ buffers(alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions)
adequate fluid volume in circ-system
Protection
Prevent blood loss
prevent infections
Major Components
Plasma
~55% of all blood
least dense component
90% water
Plasma proteins
Albumin: 60%
Globulin: 36%
Fibrinogen - 4%
Formed Elements
Buffy Coat
leukocytes(WBC) & platelets (in red bone marrow)
Platelets
fragments of larger megakaryocytes
involved in blood clotting process
Functions: form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
regulated by thrombopoietin
Leukocytes (WBC)
ONLY 1 w/ nuclei & organelles
Function: defense against disease
leave capillaries.
move thru tissue spaces
Leukocytosis: WBC production increase, response to infection
2 categories
Granulocytes
visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes, monocytes)
Agranulocytes
visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Leukopoiesis : production of WBCs
<1% of all blood
Erythrocytes (100-120 days alive)
45% of all blood (hematocrit)
most dense component
filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
binds reversibly w/ O2
biconcave disc shape, anucleate = no organelles
Production
Hematopoiesis: formation of all blood cells
Erythropoiesis: formation of RBC
Reg & Rec
Erythropoietin (EPO) -stimulates form of RBC
small amount of EPO to maintain basal rate
hypoxia -> released by kidneys
Major functions of cardiovascular system
deliver O2 and nutrients to body
remove waste products
maintain body temp
hormone delivery
disease protection and healing
Major Blood vessels
Arteries
blood away from heart: o2 rich
Capillaries
direct contact w/ tissue cells; serve cell needs
Veins
blood 2ward heart; O2 poor except for pulmonary circulation & umbilical vessels for fetus
Vital signs
pulse
blood pressure
respiratory rate
body temp
Blood flow through Heart and Body
(Right side of the heart)
Superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary sl valve
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
1 more item...
(Left side of heart)
4 pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic sl valve
aorta
systemic circulation
Anatomy of Heart
Internal features
4 chambers
2 superior atria
Auricles: appendages that increase atrial volume
right atrium : receives O2 poor blood from body
3 veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
left atrium: receive O2 rich blood from lungs
2 inferior ventricles
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
trabeculae carnea
papillary muscles
anchor chordae tendineae
interatrial septum : separates atria
interventricular septum : separates ventricles
surface features
Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)
Anterior interventricular sulcus ; anterior position
Posterior interventricular sulcus: landmark on posteroinferior surface
Heart valves
atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve
mitral valve
semilunar valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
cardiac cycle and ECG
Cardiac Cycle
1) Sinoatrial node
2) Atrioventricular node
3) Atrioventricular bundle
4) Right and Left bundle branches
5) Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex : ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave : ventricular repolarization
P - R interval : beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S T segment : entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q T : beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Layers of Heart
Coverings
Pericardium (2-wall sac surround heart; 2 layers)
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart
3 layers
Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium : circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium: innermost layer: continuous w/ endothelial lining of blood vessels
structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Arteries: from harr
Elastic arteries : thick walls
muscular arteries: vasoconstriction
Arterioles: smallest
Vessels
Veins ; to heart
Blood types
ABO blood groups - presence or absense of 2 agglutinogens (A &B)
Blood may contain anti-A or anti-B (agglutinins)
blood groups
A
receive A & O
B
receive B & O
O (universal donor)
receive O
AB
Receive A, B, AB & O
Disorders of Cardiovascular System
Anemia
Blood loss
Hemorrhagic anemia
chronic hemorrhagic anemia
not enough RBCs produced
iron-deficiency anemia
too many RBCs being destroyed
thalassemias
sickle-cell anemia
Leukemia
low wbc count : leukopenia
infectious mononucleosis
Hemostasis
thromboembolic disorders
hemophilia
Angina pectoris : thoracic pain
Myocardial infection (heart attack)
Arrhythmias: irregular heart rhythm
Fibrillation: rapid irregular contractions
Tachyccardia : abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats/min)
Bradycardia : heart rate slower than 60 beats/min
Congest Heart failure
Persistent high blood pressure >90mmHg
Multiple myocardial infarcts
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Varicose veins : dilated and painful veins due to incompetent (leaky valves)
Blood Pressure
Hypertension 140/90
Hypotension 90/60
Circulatory shock
Edema : abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid