CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Patty Gordon P:1
ABO, Rh blood types
Type A; A antigens on RBC membranes &
anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type B; B antigens on RBC & anti-A
antibodies in the plasma
Type AB; both A & B antigens on RBC membranes, but
neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient
Type O; neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both
types of antibodies in the plasma; universal donor
Blood Type, Antigen, Antibody
A/A/Anti-B
B/B/Anti-A
AB/ A&B/Neither anti-A nor anti-B
O/Neither A nor B/Both anti-A and anti-B
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac cycle
ECG
P wave; depolarization of the atria
QRS complex; depolarization of ventricles
T wave; ventricular repolarization
Fist atria contract (atrial systole), while ventricles relax (ventricular diastole)
Then ventricles contract (ventricular systole), while atria relax
(atrial diastole)
Entire heart then relaxes for brief moment
Layers of the heart
Pericardium; double layers of serous
membrane sac covering he heart
Visceral pericardium; inner layer of serous
membrane close to the heart; covers heart
Parietal pericardium; outer layer of serous membrane covering the heart
Epicardium; most layer of the heart; decrease friction in on surface of hear
Myocardium; thicker middle layer made of cardiac muscle of the heart; pumps blood out of heart chambers
Endocardium; inner lining of the heart
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Usually transport blood away from the heart; thick, strong wall with three layers; elastic
Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be
exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid; single layer of squamous epithelium, smallest diameter, etc.
Transports blood to heart; have flaplike valves; thinner wall than an artery, etc.
Major blood vessels
Artery;
Transports blood under relatively high pressure
from heart to arterioles
Arteriole;
Connects an artery to a capillary; helps control blood flow into a capillary by vasoconstricting or vasodilating
Capillary;
Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged btwn the blood & tissue fluid; connects an arteriole to a venule
Venule ;
Connects a capillary to a vein
Vein
Transport blood to heart; valves prevent
backflow of blood; serves as a blood reservoir
Vital signs
BP (Blood Pressure)
Force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
BP exists all through the cardiovascular system
The term "blood pressure" usually refers to systemic arterial
pressure
Arterial Blood Pressure
Rises and falls according to a pattern
established by the cardiac cycle
Systolic pressure; maximum arterial pressure reached during
ventricular contraction (systole)
Diastolic pressure; minimum arterial pressure reached during
ventricular relaxation (diastole), just before the next contraction
Pulse
Common pulse points include the radial artery, carotid artery,
brachial artery, and femoral artery
Arterial pressure depends on many factors, including cardiac
output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and blood viscosity
Blood flow through the heart and body
Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior venae cava and coronary sinus
The right atrium contracts
forces blood --------> tricuspid valve
--------> right ventricle
--------> pulmonary semilunar valve --------> pulmonary trunk
--------> pulmonary arteries carry blood ---------> lungs
Oxygen-rich flow back to -------> left atrium
--------> pulmonary veins ---------> bicuspid valve
-------> left ventricle ------> aortic semilunar valve ------> aorta
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Supplies oxygen & nutrients to body
Removes wastes from body
Protects the body against disease and infection
Regulates body temp
Maintains fluid balance within the body
Major components and functions of Blood
Transports substances throughout the body
Maintain homeostasis & distributes heat
Transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells
Removes metabolic wastes & carbon dioxide
Components
Red blood cells; for respiratory gas transport
White blood cells; for fighting infection
Platelets; for stoppage of
bleeding
Plasma; liquid matrix
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Anatomy of the heart
Heart
Base
Apex
Atria
Pericardial cavity
Interventricular septum
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary vein
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Auricles
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary arteries
Alveolar capillaries
Arteries& Veins & Capillaries
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Coronary arteries
Coronary sinus
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium
Ventricles
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Congenital Heart Disease