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Cardiovascular system - Sandra Cortez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular system - Sandra Cortez Period 1
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
3. Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Symptoms:
Severe headache, change in alertness and senses, memory loss, confusion, loss of coordination and/or balance, and muscle weakness
Causes & Risk Factors:
Blood clot in artery to the brain, clogged arteries, aneurysm, high blood pressure, age/race, diabetes (etc).
Description:
A hemorrhagic stroke leaks blood into the brain tissue and an ischemic stroke stops blood supply to an area of the brain with a clot
Treatment Options:
Thrombolytics, blood thinners, surgical intervention, physical therapy and lifestyle changes
4. Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart
Causes & Risk Factors:
Virus, bacterial or fungal infection, allergic reaction to medication or allergen, rheumatoid arthritis, heart valve damage and or recent surgery
Symptoms:
Heart palpitations, chest pain, fatigue, fever, shortness or breath, edema and muscle/joint pain
Description:
There is an area of infection on the aortic valve, it is separated and swollen
Treatment Options:
Antibiotics, medications, diuretics, reduced activity and a pacemaker implantation
2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Treatment Options:
Medication, lifestyle changes, bypass surgery, arterial angioplasty and specialized exercise program
Symptoms:
Leg and arm pain, intermittent claudication, extremity numbness and weakness, wounds that don't heal, a weak pulse and discoloration
Causes & Risk Factors:
Blood vessel inflammation, limb trauma, radiation exposure, smoking, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and family history
Description:
A build up of fatty substances in the arteries (inner walls) and plaque reduces blood flow
5. Congenital Heart Disease
Issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
Causes & Risk Factors:
Tricuspid atresia, ebstein's anomaly, aortic stenosis, atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis but mainly it's hereditary
Symptoms:
Depend on conditions, cyanosis is common, may be asymptomatic or even cause death
Description:
Increased blood flow to the lungs and an enlarged left ventricle
Treatment Options:
Medication, surgical intervention but some abnormalities may heal on their own
1. Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Treatment Options:
Nitroglycerin, thrombolytic, angioplasty, open heart surgery, coronary bypass or lifestyle changes
Symptoms:
Chest pain, sweating, pain radiating to (arm, jaw, abdomen or back), dizziness, nausea or vomiting, shortness of breath and heart palpitations
Causes & Risk Factors:
Blood clots, stress, plaque in coronary arteries, high blood pressure, obesity, lack of exercise, smoking
Description:
Arteries are blocked (blood clots), vessels narrow and there is fatty deposit
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
BP exists all through the cardiovascular system
The term "blood pressure" usually refers to systemic arterial pressure
Force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
Systolic Pressure:
Maximum arterial pressure reached during ventricular contraction (systole)
Diastolic Pressure:
Minimum arterial pressure reached during ventricular relaxation (diastole), just before the next contraction
:star: A BP of no greater than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) at rest is considered normal,
BP decreases as distance from the left ventricles decreases
:star: BP is directly proportional to blood volume and determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Pulse:
The alternating expansion and recoil of the wall of an artery as the ventricles contract & relax can be felt @ certain points in the body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Veins:
Return blood to the heart
Structure: Thinner wall than an artery but w/similar layers: the vein middle layer is much thinner; some veins have flap like valves
Function: Transports blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart; valves prevent back flow of blood; serves as a blood reservoir
Capillaries:
Blood vessels with the smallest diameter
Structure: Single layer of squamous epithelium
Function: Allows nutrients, gases and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid; connects an arteriole to a venule
Arteries:
Are strong elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood
Structure: Thick strong wall w/three layers-an endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic C.T and outer layer of C.T
Function: Transports blood under relatively high pressure from heart to arterioles
Layers of the heart
The pericardium is a membranous sac that encloses the heart
Parietal Pericardium:
The outer layer of the serous membrane which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium):
The inner layer of the serous membrane, that covers the heart
Serous:
Inner, more delicate, double layered
Pericardial cavity:
The space between the visceral and parietal layers which contains serous fluid for reducing friction between the layers
Fibrous:
Outer, tough, C.T
A) Epicardium:
Outermost layer, a serous membrane made up of C.T and epithelium, decreased friction in the heart
B) Myocardium:
The middle layer, consists of cardiac muscle, is the thickest layer of the heart wall, pumps blood out of heart chambers
C) Endocardium:
The inner layer, made up of C.T and epitherlium, continuous w/ the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart, contains the Purkinje fibers (part of the cardiac conduction system)
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
The heart contains 4 chambers: the two upper chambers are called the left and right atria and the two lower chambers are called the left and right ventricles
Atria:
Receive blood returning to the heart, have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior
Ventricles:
Are thick muscled and pump blood out of the heart
Right Ventricle:
Has a thinner wall than the left ventricle, pumps blood to the lungs whereas the left ventricle pumps to the entire body
Left Ventricle:
Pumps blood to the systemic circuit through the aorta
Interventricular Septum:
separates the ventricles
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava:
Bring blood back from the systemic circuit to the right atrium
Coronary Sinus:
Drains blood from the myocardium (coronary circulation) into the right atrium
Chordae Tendinae
are attached to
Papillary Muscles
in the inner wall of the heart
4. Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular contraction
Entrance to the aorta
3. Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
Opening between left atrium and left ventricle
Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
2. Pulmonary Valve
Entrance to pulmonary trunk
Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular contraction
1. Tricuspid Valve
Opening between right atrium and right ventricle
Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Major components and functions of blood
D) Plasma (The Liquid Matrix):
Makes up 55% of blood volume, is a mixture,
Hematocrit % of formed elements in the blood - normally 45% & RBC's
E) Hemoglobin:
Transports oxygen and some CO2 through the blood
C) Platelets (Stoppage Of Bleeding):
are fragments of large cells in red bone marrow, the stoppage is called hemostasis
Blood transports substances throughout the body, helps to maintain homeostasis, and distributes heat
B) White Blood Cells (Fighting Infection):
Leukocytes, can leave the blood stream, two types of WBC's (
Granylocytes
; have a granular cytoplasm/short life span and
Arangulocytes
; no granular cytoplasm/longer life span)
Transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells, and removes metabolic wastes / carbon dioxide
A) Red Blood Cells (Respiratory Gas Transport):
Biconcave disks
make RBC's flexible as they travel through blood vessels, they put oxygen in close proximity to hemoglobin, & production is called
erythropoiesis
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
A closed circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)
Supplies oxygen / nutrients to tissues
Removes waste from tissues
Transports blood to and from the heart & sends blood throughout the body
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Major Arteries
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Common carotid artery
Brachial artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Radial artery
Abdominal aorta
Ulnar artery
Thoracic aorta
Common iliac artery
Aortic arch
Femoral artery
Ascending aorta
Anterior tibial artery
Fibular artery
Major Veins
Radial vein
Ulnar vein
Basilic vein
Brachial vein
Cephalic vein
Axillary vein
Subclavian vein
Brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Internal jugular vein
External jugular vein
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
External iliac vein
Internal iliac vein
Common iliac vein
Inferior vena cava
Blood flow through the heart and body
Red blood cells pick up O2 and release CO2
blood is now oxygen rich
CO2 poor blood
returns back to the heart through the
R/L pulmonary veins
and then pumped into the
left atrium
Blood pushes into the
pulmonary semi-lunar valve
into the
pulmonary arteries
which lead to the
lungs
The blood gets pushed through the
bicuspid/mitral valve
into the
left ventricle
Blood is pumped into the
right atrium
and then pushed out through the
tricuspid valve
and into the
right ventricles
The
left ventricle
contracts and pushes the blood into the
aortic semi-lunar valve
into the
aorta
which branches into smaller arteries the lead to the rest of the body
Blood is
oxygen-poor
and CO2 rich returning to the heart through the
superior and inferior vena cava
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Then:
The ventricles contracts (called ventricular systole), while the atria relaxes (called atrial diastole)
Finally:
The entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
First:
The atria contracts (called atrial systole), while the ventricles relax (called ventricular diastole)
ECG:
A recording of the
electrical changes that occur during the cardiac cycle
[recording results from the summed action potentials of many cardiac muscle cells, which can be detected through electrical currents in the body fluids]
B) ORS Complex:
Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to the contraction of the ventricles; the re-polarization of the atria occurs during the ORS Complex but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event
C) T Wave:
Corresponds to ventricular re-polarization and leads to ventricular relaxation
A) P Wave:
The first wave which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria, this leads to the contraction of the atria
ABO, Rh blood types
Blood groups are based on presence or absence of two important antigens on red blood cell membranes (antigen A and B)
Type A Blood:
Has A antigens on red blood cells membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type O Blood:
Has neither antigen on red blood cell membranes, but both types of antibodies in the plasma;
universal donor
(can only receive o blood)
Type AB Blood:
Has both A and B antigens on red blood cells membranes, but neither type of antibodies in the plasma;
universal recipient
Type B Blood:
Has antigens on red blood cells membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
If the Rh factor (antigen b) is
present
on a person's red blood cells, the blood is
Rh positive
if absent
the blood is
Rh negative
Most common antigen of the group is antigen b
A person w/ Rh-negative blood has physical contact w/ Rh-positive blood; the person will then develop anti-Rh antibodies
:star: If an Rh-negative women carries an Rh-positive baby, she may be exposed to the Rh-positive blood during delivery. She will now make anti-Rh antibodies that could attack future Rh-positive babies
(RhoGAM drug = prevention)
No corresponding antibodies in the plasma