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Daniel Sanchez p.2: 08 Cardiovascular system, Arteries:send blood away…
Daniel Sanchez p.2: 08 Cardiovascular system
Major components and functions of blood
red blood cells (erythrocytes) > carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
white blood cells( leukocytes) > help fight infections and aid in the immune process. types of white blood cells include lymphocytes
platelets ( thrombocytes) these help in blood clotting
erythrocytes > most abundant in the body
which component of blood allows clotting in order to stop bleeding? : platelets
which component of blood helps fight infections(viruses or bacteria) > white blood cells
ABO, Rh blood types
universal donor : O-
red blood cells have no antigens on its surface the blood type is O
Largest WBC : monocyte
universal recipient : AB+
WBC first responded most mobile and active : neutrophils
WBC kills parasites: eosinophils
most common blood type in the US? O
wbc releases heparin & histamines for blood flow & blood clots? : basophils
which white blood cell is phagocyte? > monocytes
Granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
transport of nutrients oxygen and hormones
the removal of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes
protect body from infections and blood loss
help maintain a constant body temperature
Anatomy of the heart
Four chambers
Right Atrium
receives blood low in oxygen from the body then to to the right ventricle
left Atrium
receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs then to the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
pumps oxygen-rich blood up into your body's main artery (aorta) to the rest of the body
Right Ventricle
pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
The Heart Valves
Tricuspid Valve
regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Pulmonary Valve
controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the
Mitral valve / bicuspid valve
oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
Aortic Valve
opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta, your body’s largest artery.
Blood Vessels
Arteries
carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body’s tissues. The exception is your pulmonary arteries, which go to your lungs.
Veins
carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart.
Capillaries
are small blood vessels where your body exchanges oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
Electrical Conduction System
Sinoatrial (SA) node:
sends the signals that make your heart beat
Atrioventricular (AV) node:
carries electrical signals from your heart's upper chambers to its lower ones
Purkinje fibers
Make your heart ventricles contract and pump out blood.
Layers of the heart
Pericardium (pericardial sac)
double-walled sac
outer layer of the two layers within the pericardium is fibrous pericardium
inner layer > serous pericardium
parietal serous pericardium,
visceral serous pericardium, also known as the epicardium,
outer layer : epicardium / visceral pericardium
middle layer : Myocardium
inner layer: Endocardium
Blood flow through the heart and the body
1.Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
2.Right Atrium
3.Tricuspid valve
4.Right Ventricle
5.Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
6.Pulmonary Trunk/Artery
7.into the lungs
8.Oxygen Rich
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Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Tunica Intima
inner lining of blood vessels
Tunica Media
middle smooth muscle layer
Tunica Externa
outermost fibrous connective tissue
Venules
connects capillaries and veins
Arteries
carries blood away from heart
Arterioles
found between arteries and capillaries
Arteries
have 3 layers : tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
have thick walls
away from the heart
Veins
3 layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
have thin walls
carry blood towards the heart
have valves
Cappillaries
walls consist of one single layer of endothelial cells
form network that joins small arterioles to small venulles
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
ECG
Five waves:
QRS complex
presents the rapid impulse from the AV node through the AV bundle and the purkinje fibers and the electrical activity of the ventricular muscles
P wave
arises when impulse from SA node sweeps over the atrial depolarization
T wave
represents the relaxation of the ventricular muscles )ventricle repolarization)
recording electrical activity in the heart
the spread of electrical signals produced by the pacemaker as it travels through the atria, the AV node and the ventricles
Systole > Contraction
Diastole > Relaxation
Atrial Systole
contraction of the atria
Ventricular Systole
contraction of the ventricles
Major blood vessels
Arteries
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk / Pulmonary artery
Veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary Veins
Branchiocephalic
Vital Signs
Heart Sound
"Lub"
fairly loud
closure of atrioventricular valves
corresponds with the start of ventricular systole
"Dup"
softer sound
closure of aortic and pulmonary valve
corresponds with ventricular diastole
Pulse
normally represents the heart rate
measured in bpm (beats per minute)
averaging 60-80 bpm at resting points ( having a surface and relaxed)
Blood Pressure
Systolic
adults >120 mmHg
left ventricle contracts and pushed blood into the aorta
Diastolic
adults >80 mmHg
cardiac diastole pressure in arteries is much lower
Heart rate
60-100 bpm
Temperature
97.8-99 F
Respiration Rate (RR)
12-20 breaths/min
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Myocardial Infarction ( Heart Attack)
Description:
blood flow to part of heart is blocked (heart attacks)
Causes or risk factors
blood cot, plaque in coronary arteries, and obesity
Symptoms
chest pain, dizziness, sweating, nausea / vomiting
Treatment Options
angioplasty,coronary bypass,lifestyle change
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Description
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremitties
Causes or risk factors
smoking,blood vessel inflammation, and atherosclerosis
Symptoms
Leg & arm pain, weak pulse, extremity numbness
Treatment Options
,medication, lifestyle change, arterial angioplasty
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
Description
blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted (stroke)
Causes or risk factors
blood cot in artery to the brain, aneurysm, and clogged artieries
Symptoms
severe headache, change in alertness, and memory loss
Treatment Options
thrombolytie, blood thinnets, surgical ventricular
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
description
inflammation of the heart
Causes or risk factors
viruses,bacterial, or fungal infection, heart valve damage, and rheumatoid arthritis
symptoms
heart palpitations, chest pain, fatigue, fever, and edema
Treatment options
antibiotics, medication, diuretics, pacemaker implantation
Congenital Heart Disease
description
tricuspid atresia, aortic stenosis
Causes or risk factors
aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis
Symptoms
dependent on condition, cyanosis common
treatment Options
medication, surgical intervation
Arteries:send blood away from the heart
Veins: Carry blood towards the heart