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Cell Structure and Transport, Animal and Plant cells - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus
      - Cytoplasm
      - Cell membrane
  - - - Genetic material
      - Plasmids - extra small rings of DNA that code for very specific features: eg, antibiotic resistance
      - Cytoplasm
      - Flagella* - a long protein strand that lashes about and is sued to move the bacterium around.
      - Cell wall - doesn't contain cellulose like plant cells
      - Slime capsule* - protective wall around the cell wall
      - Cell membrane
- - - - Specialised to contract and relax in pairs to move bones of the skeleton
      - Smooth muscle cells form one of the tissue layers of your digestive system and help to squeeze food through your gut when they contract
      - Striated muscle cells work together in tissues to form muscles.
        
        Adaptations
        
        Contain lots of mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the reactions as the cells contract and relax.
        
        Contain special proteins that slide over each other and make the fibres contract
        
        Can store glycogen, which is broken down and used for cellular respiration by the mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the fibres to contract
    - - Specialised to move through water or the female reproductive system to fertilise the egg and deliver the male genetic information
      - Adaptations
        
        Middle section full of mitochondria to provide energy for the tail to move
        
        Acrosome stores digestive enzymes that help break down the outer layers of the egg
        
        A long tail that whips from side to side to help it move
        
        Large nucleus containing the genetic information to be passed on.
    - - Specialised to carry electrical impulses through the body and provide rapid communication between parts of the body
      - Adaptations
        
        Lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
        
        An axon that carries the nerve impulse from one place to another can be very long; the longest in the body runs from the bottom of the spine to the end of the big toe.
        
        Nerve endings contain lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed to make the transmitter chemicals that are used to pass impulses to other cells or muscles.
  - - - Specialised to help the roots to take up water and mineral ions more efficiently
      - Adaptations
        
        Have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil to the cell
        
        Have many mitochondria that transfer the energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions into the cell.
        
        They increase the surface area available for the water to diffuse into
    - - Adaptations
        
        Positioned in layers on the outside of the leaves and stem so they can absorb as much light as possible
        
        Contain chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll that trap the light needed for photosynthesis
        
        Have a large permanent vacoule which keeps the cell rigid to support the stem and keeps the leaf spread out to allow for more surface area to capture light
    - - Transport tissue in plants that carries water and mineral ions from the root and is important in keeping the stem stable.
      - Adaptations
        
        The spirals and rings of lignin help to make the cell very strong and be able to withstand the pressure of water travelling through them. It also helps to support the stem.
        
        When the cell is alive, lignin builds up in spirals in the cell wall. Then, when the cell dies it forms long, hollow tubes which allows water and mineral ions to easily travel through them, from one end of the plant to the other.
    - - A specialised transport tissue that allows the food made by photosynthesis to travel around the plant.
      - Adaptions
        
        The cell walls between the cells break down to form sieve plates that allow the water with dissolved food in to freely move up and down the stem
        
        They are supported by companion cells which contain mitochondria that transfer energy needed to move dissolved food up and down the plant.
- - - - If the solution becomes hypotonic then the cell will swell and burst when water moves in.
      - If the solution becomes hypertonic, then the cell will shrivel and die when the water moves out.
  - - - If the solution become hypertonic, then water will leave the cells and the plant will become soft and eventually wilts.
      - Plants always need the surrounding fluid to be hypotonic to the cells so that water is moving in the correct direction and the plant is kept turgid