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Interactionist (labelling) theory - Coggle Diagram
Interactionist (labelling) theory
Jock Young
Nottinghill at the 1960s was a place of drug taking hippies, anti-culture etc
moral entrepreneurs disapproved of this so published things against it, politicians & media publish that anti-social, stigmatise weed etc
The amplification spiral:
caused by police, politicians, media etc, bringing attention to the problem
greater repuation
more drug dealers & takers
other drugs went into the area, not just weed
creates a self-fulfilling prophecy
He calls this a fantasy crime wave, where there wasn't really a problem in primary but now is in secondary
Ken Plummer
deviance is a social construct
Societal deviance:
e.g. drinking In different cultures
in some societies, sometimes is deviant, but in others it isnt
it can also be different based on the time in the society e.g. past vs present
Situational deviance:
e.g. tackle at rugby but not school
depends on situation, societies say where you can & can't be deviant as well s what is deviant
criminal justice depends on situation
Edwin Lemert
problemisation of deviance
2 stages of deviance:
primary deviance = hidden, no one cares, no social reaction, no labelling
secondary deviance = criminal justice system involved, labelling starts
Evidence:
he looked at difference between stammer / stutters in the west vs native indigenous cultures
natives didnt have a word for it, until in contact with the west
shows how the moment you create a label, you create a problem
stutter in private not a problem, but is in public
Howard Becker
Social construction of crime:
Crime is created by societies
deviance is created by those that make rules against
the problem with this as you create more problems by doing this, you criminalise people which isolates them, we cause more problems for us
Deviant career:
down this stages due to application of labels by moral entrepreneurs, causes greater problems
moral entrepreneurs = those with power to give labels, e.g. politicans
the societal reaction is also important, are people sensitised to the state? causes the label to take off
individuals response, individual may be able to remove the label but often can't & person will get worse
group response, exclusion & rejection, same labels group together which reinforces the label
internalisation of the label, label accepted by person as they believe its true, creates a self-fulfilling prophecy
master status deviance, everything else overridden by status
Critical evaluation of labelling
Howard Becker:
too deterministic, many labelled criminal but dont commit again
treating offender as if they are a victim, could be abusing women
ignores structural factors & the fact cooperate crimes do not get labelled, marxist ignore wealthy, ignores class
Jock Young:
ignores labelling of murderers, rapists - only looks at innocuous crimes like drugs, get more sympathy
Ken Plummer:
he says it is all relative, Durkheim says this is not due to relatively but due to boundary maintenance as society is evolving, progress
Aaron Cicourel:
he ignores that powerful / ruling class dont get typifications due to structural factors & uillifying lower classes, Marxist
John Braithwaite:
functionalist, functioning society must identity those that are a threat e.g. sexual predators, so must label
Social policy - John Braithwaite
Social policy:
policy that affects people, policy in relation to offenders, gov making decisions that could destory peoples lives, criminal records cause amplification and self fulfilling prophecy, stops rehabilitation of people
Disintegrative shaming:
e.g. sending letters to wives if husband caught with prostitute
shaming the offender
causes vigilantism
prevents offenders reintegration to mainstream society
Reintegrative shaming:
shaming offence not the offender
dont give master status
trying to rehabilitate the offender
Ethnomethology - Aaron Cicourel
Ethnomethodology
, theory says human societies have order as we have a social fiction where we create how we do things ; common sense knowledge
Study
study of young offenders in 2 American cities that similar in makeup besides 1 has larger youth offenders in more in prison in general
one city labels people & criminalises more than the other
Common sense assumptions / typifications:
common sense assumptions about WC youth, all institutions in criminal justice assumed working class to be problematic
typifications, when we meet people we put them in typifications
The negotiation of justice:
language of parents & legal representation they can get, middle class have this advantage, if prison follows stereotype they will be full of young WC people because of this labelling
Roger Hopkins Burke
he uses secondary studies of other studies by other people, many in America in youth deviance
Criminal justice systems:
studies on this found that criminal justice systems focused on young offenders actually had more problems
criminalising young people, giving status & criminal record
makes it harder for them to get a job
Stigmatisation:
found study that higher illegal drug use amongst physically disabled people due to isolation & stigmatisation & problemitsation
Self-blame & isolation:
found study that people that are victims of crime / relatives of victims often feel self-blame / isolated
people that know victims ignore them as feel awkward, causing further isolation of the person
person doubts themselves even more, self fulfilling prophecy & amplification problem