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05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS - Coggle Diagram
05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
NATION AND NATIONALISM
Before the 19th century
expressed different realities
after the liberal revolutions
human communities with shared cultural traits
nation-state
influenced by different causes
Liberalism
legitimacy of state power in
national sovereignty and citizenship
great monarchies were absolutist regimes
people felt liberal and nationalist at the same time
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna
organised the map of Europe based on their interests
nationalist aspirations
liberal economy
States with
internal markets free of privileges
barriers to trade
uniform laws throughout the territory
National unity
industrial and commercial bourgeoisie
unifying movements
bring people with a common culture together
In the same state
separated into different political units
independence movements
Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire
Old monarchies, empires and principalities
replaced by nation-states
2 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
Leaders of Latin American Independence
Simón Bolívar (1783–1830)
rich criollo
owned a lot of land in Venezuela
he studied in Spain and travelled in Europe
influenced by liberal ideas
dreamed of a new unified American nation
Gran Colombia
never achieved it
José de San Martín (1778–1850)
His parents were Spanish
was born in Argentina
served in the Spanish army for 22 years
Peninsular war
In London
he joined the masonic Lautaro Lodge
liberal lodge that supported the independence of the South American colonies
liberated Peru
there he handed over control to Bolívar
travelled to London for retirement
not strong men, but strong civil power
Independence and formation of the south american states
independence process was violent
A major revolt n Mexico in 1810
rebellions led by Bolívar and San Martín
in New Granada (1811)
Río de la Plata (1816)
declared themselves independent
Battle of Ayacucho (1824)
Peru's independence
14 countries by 1825
Consequences of the emancipation of Latin America
Economic consequences
Spain’s economic dependence was replaced by
USA
Great Britain
Spain lost the main source of precious metals and markets
Political consequences
republic
the military imposed itself on civil governments
caudillismo
authoritarian leaderships
frequent coups d’état
Social consequences
Slavery was abolished in most countries
criollos obtained the political power
black slaves, the indigenous people and the lower classes
were discriminated against both socially and economically
the cabildos or governments in America
formed juntas locales as government bodies
criollos demanded open juntas
not only for the colonial authorities
marked the start of the road to independence
urban development in cities such as
Caracas
Mexico City
Quito
Bogotá
Buenos Aires
the influence of
the independence of the United States
liberalism
the marginalisation of criollos from power
interference from Great Britain
sell its products in the Latin American market
Very diverse society
criollos
descendants of the conquistadors
wealthiest groups
indigenous people
slaves of African origin
mestizo population
3 THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
important influence on European politics in the second half of the 19th century
Because of him
unified Germany was the centre of
many imperialist agreements
diplomatic alliances of lasting historical significance
German Confederation replaced the Holy Empire
part of the southern part belonged to the Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia maintained an
authoritarian and disciplined political and military organisation
German territories that depended on Denmark
Diet
an assembly chaired by the Austrian emperor
opposed to liberalism and nationalist movements
therefore in 1834
Prussia created the Zollverein or Customs Union
excluding the Austrians
commercial union
single railway network throughout the entire German territory
promoted economic development
encouraged the middle class to fight for unification
The Revolution of 1848
democratic and social demands and important impact on German cities
frightened the middle class
Otto von Bismarck, under the reign of William I,
led the unification in an authoritarian, not liberal, manner
declared war on Denmark in 1864
duchies of Schleswig and Holstein
Austria was defeated at the Battle of Sadowa
annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
The French were defeated at the Battle of Sedan
FRENCH NATIONALIST SENTIMENT
never accepted this loss
esprit de revanche
one of the causes for WWI and WWII
the Prussians occupied Paris
Second German Empire (Second Reich) in 1871
universal manhood suffrage
4 THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
Leaders of the unification
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872)
Carbonari
founder of the newspaper and movement Giovine Italia
wanted
unified Italy with a republican, democratic system
it was more moderate due to Cavour's intervention
deep social reforms
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882)
occupied Naples and Sicily and annexed to Piedmont
revolutionary spirit
led the red shirts to conquer the south
To the north-west
Piedmont-Sardinia
ruled by the Savoy dynasty
the rest of the North
Austria
richest region
Milan and Venice
in the south
Naples and Sicily
formed a monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
the central area
The duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena
Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States
capital in Rome
Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont
allied with the French
defeated the Austrians
at the battles of Magenta and Solferino in 1859
the duchies of the central area and the northern part of Italy
were added to Piedmont
The pope had to renounce the Papal States
confined to the Vatican city
The pontiff did not recognise the annexation
until 1929
Lateran Treaty
The result was a unified country: Italy
moderate political regime
parliamentary monarchy
censitary suffrage
The capital was Rome
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, king of Piedmont
king of Italy
great imbalances between the north and south
