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Chap 3i: Perceptual Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bifoveal Fixation
        
        involves
        
        Getting image
        onto fovea
        
        Inability of babies' eyes
        to converge on 1 object
        
        usually disappears
        after 2-3 months
        
        Ciliary muscles respond slowly
        to focusing on object
        
        images may be focused behind
        retina and become blurry
        
        infants may have certain
        degree of farsightedness
        
        Processing image
        
        Underdeveloped
        fovea in infants
        
        Adult fovea is tiny spot
        with about 50,000 cones
        
        cones catch about 65%
        of light that strikes fovea
        
        Infant fovea is twice the size
        and cones are rod-shaped and
        resemble stumps
        
        cones catch roughly 2%
        of light that reaches fovea
        
        Low Visual
        Acuity
        
        "sharpness of visual discrimination
        or ability to detect contrast"
        
        measured by smallest lines that
        can be developed under high contrast
        
        1 more item...
        
        infants have 20/600 vision
        
        2 more items...
        
        smallest stripes infants can detect
        are 30 times larger than adults
        
        develops rapidly
        
        Poor Colour Vision
        
        reaches adult level
        at 3-4 months
        
        1mth: grey vs :blue_heart:
        
        3mths: :yellow_heart: vs :<3:
        
        2mths: :yellow_heart: vs :green_heart:
        
        only achieves colour consistency
        at a later stage
      - central region of the fovea
  - - - Quinn et al.
        
        tested 4 month old :baby::skin-tone-2: ability to categorise cats and dogs with novelty preference
        
        Familiarisation trials
        
        showing pairs of novel :cat: pictures
        
        Test trials
        
        showing novel :cat: picture
        with novel :dog2: picture
        
        infants were able to categorise
    - - Fagan
        
        tested 5-6 month olds
        
        Familiarisation
        
        presented infants with 2 identitical
        :black_flag: and :white_flag: faces for 2 minutes
        
        Test
        
        face now paired with novel face
        after delays of 10s, 3hrs, 1day, 2weeks
        
        all infants looked longer at the novel face
- - - - tested 3.5 month old :baby::skin-tone-3:
      - infants were played sound of
        father or mother's voice
        
        infants turned to video of correct parent
        even though mouths were motionless
    - - infants were played "ah" or "ii"
        
        turned to video of woman mouthing
        the corresponding vowel
      - tested 4 month old babies
    - - Spelke
        
        tested 4 month old babies
        
        infants played sound of fast :zap: beats
        or slow :turtle: beats
        
        has to choose between video of animal jumping slowly and animal bouncing quickly
        
        infants tend to gaze at video that
        matches speed of soundtrack
  - - - tested 1 month old babies
      - allowed babies to suck a nibbed :star:
        or smooth :8ball: pacifier without seeing
      - babies then shown both pacifiers
      - babies able to match correct pacifier
        to the one they sucked
- - - - Binocular Disparity
        
        "difference in images seen
        in left and right eye"
        
        less disparity in far objects and
        more disparity in near objects
        
        separate images combine to give
        information about depth
    - - Monocular Kinetic /
        Motion parallax
        
        a monocular kinetic cue
        
        object moves while
        head stationary
        
        close objects move across retina
        faster than far objects
        
        object stationary
        while head moves
      - Monocular static /
        Pictorial
        
        Relative Size
        
        Interposition
        
        Linear Perspective
  - - - Yonas et al
        
        tested 5 and 7 month old infants
        
        Test
        
        presented babies with a trapezoidal
        window and covered one eye
        
        5 month olds reached at random while 7 month olds reached for pictorially closer side
        
        Baseline
        
        presented babies with a window
        angled to one side without covering eyes
    - - Joseph Campos
        
        tested beginner crawlers (7 month olds)
        and experienced crawlers (9 month olds)
        
        both groups already have fully
        developed depth perception cues
        
        infants separated from mother by visual cliff
        that is shallow or deep and mothers call to them
        
        all 15 experienced infants cross shallow cliff and none crossed deep cliff
        
        all 15 beginner infants cross shallow cliff and 10 crossed deep cliff
        
        inexperienced crawlers have depth perception but no fear of heights
        
        infants must learn implications
        of falling through social referencing
        or experiences
        
        Infants use social referencing
        at ambiguous 12-inch drop
        
        if mum shows fear :fearful:
        baby does not cross
        
        if mum shows joy :smiley:
        baby crosses
        
        experienced crawlers display certainty
        and ignore social references at
        extreme drop magnitudes
        
        Refuse to cross 40 inches
        
        Will cross at 4 inches