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EAT - End of Topic - Coggle Diagram
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L2
The viscosity of a fluid is defined as its resistance to motion or resistance to deformation by shear or tensile stress.
Stokes Law considers the case of an object that is spherical and sufficiently large moving through a fluid while experiencing laminar flow.
Archimedes principle states that when an object is fully or partially submerged within a fluid, the volume of the fluid displaced is equal to the volume of the submerged mass.
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Laminar flow occurs with all fluid elements flowing in the same direction with none of the streamlines crossing over. This typically occurs for lower velocities.
Turbulent flow will occur with higher velocity fluids. Streamlines become chaotic and mixed. Eddies form where the flow is mixed up.
As the temperature of a gas increases, the viscosity increases also.
L3
A material that obeys Hooke's law will display a directly proportional relationship (between extension and force).
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The elastic limit is just after the limit of proportionality and indicates the point at which plastic deformation will be obtained.
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Elastic deformation is where a material returns to its original shape after the applied force is removed. Plastic deformation is where a material's shape is changed permanently (work is done to move atoms apart).
- Stiff: Material that experiences little extension for large forces (high Young Modulus).
- Tough: Material that can withstand large dynamic loads.
- Strong: Material that can withstand large static loads.
- Hard: Material that is resistant to indentation or scratching.
- Brittle: Experiences little to no plastic deformation before fracturing.
- Malleable: Able to be deformed easily.
- Ductile: Able to be drawn into a wire.
L5
Polarisation is the process of restricting the planes of oscillation of a wave. An EM wave is constructed from an electric field vector an a magnetic field vector oscillating perpendicular to eachother.
The first nitrocellulose sheet is known as the analyser. This creates a plane polarised wave. The analyser is then used to restrict this light further. If the angle between the two is 0 degrees, very little light intensity is lost.
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Polarisation can be used in stress analysis and minerology. The colours seen are a result of double refraction. The strength of this double refraction dictates the range of colours displayed. The colours displayed are a result of interference between rays.
Polarising sunglasses work as light that is reflected off bright, non-metallic mediums (often horizontally polarized) are partially-polarised. This means that unpolarised waves are reduced but glare is reduced even more.
L4
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The refractive index of a material is the ratio between the incident velocity and the resultant velocity.
The critical angle will occur when x2 = 90 degrees. This is the angle at which an incident ray goes from refracting when entering a less dense medium to totally internally reflecting.
L1
- Micrometer: Measures to 0.01mm
- Vernier Calliper: Measures to 0.1mm
- Single uncertainty = half the resolution of the equipment.
- Experimental uncertainty =
- Compound Uncertainty = Add uncertainties during addition or subtraction or work with percentage uncertainties.
- %U = uncertainty / measured value.
- Uncertainty in a gradient requires a line of worst fit to be drawn (change in grad / LOBF grad).