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Renal Impairment - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Check for signs of blockage
    - - Normal: 9-12cm and <1.5cm difference between the 2 kidneys
      - Smaller kidneys may indicate chronic renal failure
  - - - Urine output - low -> possible indicator of acute renal failure
      - Uraemia - caused by excessive nitrogenous waste retention. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting
  - - - Normal: 11.5 to 15.5g/dL
      - Low levels may indicate anaemia -> possible sign of chronic kidney disease -> kidney is involved in production of red blood cells
    - - Normal: 10 to 65 ng/L
      - Elevated level may indicate renal impairment
    - - Normal: Between 7 and 20mg/dL
      - Elevated level may indicate reduced kidney function
    - - Possible signs of renal failure
        
        K: elevated -> hyperkalemia, Na: reduced -> hyponatremia, PO4: elevated -> hyperphosphatemia, Ca: reduced -> hypocalcemia, HCO3: reduced -> metabolic acidosis
    - - Normal: 45–90 μmol/L (women), 60-110μmol/L (men)
      - Elevated levels may be due to reduced kidney function
      - Normal GFR: ~120ml/min depending on age.
        
        Cockcroft-gault formula (CrCl) = (140 – age) x Total Body Weight (kg) x 88.4 x 0.85 (if female)/SrCr (μmol/L) x 72
        
        MDRD formula (eGFR): calculated automatically in lab result due to its complexity
  - - - Some examples:
        
        Normal pH: 6.0, absence of protein and blood cells in urine
    - - Normal: <30
        
        30-300 (microalbuminuria), >300 (macroalbuminuria)