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Transplants + Transfusions, Definitions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - D: process of matching donor and recipient
        cell surface markers (antigens) so best match as possible
      - between close relatives
        
        more genetically similar donor is to recipient, smaller chance of rejection
        
        best possible = between
        identical twins
      - necessary precaution taken
        prior to surgery
    - - DRUGS
        
        used to inhibit DNA replication
        
        inhibit cloning of lymphocytes
        
        & production of killer T-cells
        
        slows down/stops rejection process
        
        disadvant.
        must be taken for VERY LONG TIME
        (rest of transplant/rest of life)
      - X-RAYS
        
        exposure of recipient's bone marrow or lymph nodes (where lymphocytes made)
        
        to X-irradiation
        
        inhibits production of lymphocytes
        
        slows down rejection
        
        disadvant.
        UNPLEASENT SIDE EFFECTS
        
        used as backup to drugs
      - negatives
        
        compromise recipient's
        immune system
        
        makes individual susceptible to infection
        
        depresses immune system in general
    - - antiviral drugs
      - antibacterial mouth rinses
      - use of monoclonal
        antibodies
        (helps target + reduce effects of
        T-cells in rejection)
- - - - absent because
        
        lymphocytes responsible for making them
        
        switched off during early development
        
        in foetus
    - - NO antigen A on RBC
        
        means when foetus - antigen A not encountered by lympho. as being self
        
        means lympho. produce anti-a antibodies
        are not switched off when foetus
- - - - do not produce anti-d antibodies
        
        relevant B-lymphocytes switched off
        
        when antigen D recognised as self
        
        during early development
    - - does not have anti-d antibodies preformed
        
        but CAN PRODUCE THEM
        
        if blood contaminated with blood with antigen D
  - - - when Rh- receives Rh+ blood = MAKE ANTI-D ANTIBODY
        
        1st transfusion = slow steady production antibodies = NO HARM
        
        2nd transfusion = Rh- patient now sensitised = HAEMOLYSIS of DONOR RBC
    - - later stages of pregnancy - stresses of muscle contraction = limited exchange of blood
        
        fragments of Rh+ cells move FOETUS ENTER MOTHER
        
        mother produces anti-D antibodies
        
        antibodies INFILTRATE from MOTHER TO FOETUS
        
        destroy Rh+ blood cells in foetus
        
        CAUSES
        
        haemolysis = RBC
        destroyed
        
        agglutination = antigen-
        antibody reactions
      - 1st Rh+ baby
        
        antibodies not produced in large enough quantities
        OR
        
        born before lots of antibodies made
      - subsequent Rh+ babies
        
        may more antibodies produced
        
        circulation sensitised to Rh+ blood cells
        
        when antibodies cross placenta - agglutination of foetal RBC
        
        haemolytic disease of the newborn
        subsequent children = chronic destruction of RBCs
      - Rhesus Baby
        
        premature
        
        jaundiced
        
        anaemic
        
        blood completely transfused w healthy blood
      - SOLUTIONS
        
        STEP 1
        
        around 30 weeks - Rh- mothers given injection of anti-D antibodies
        
        antibodies attach to foetal RBC w antigen D BEFORE mother's B-lymphos sensitised to produce anti-D
        
        foetal Rh+ RBC with attached anti-D antibody = NOT RECOGNISED
        by mother's B-lympho
        
        antibody process not occur
        
        STEP 2
        
        if Rh+ baby
        
        mother receive ANOTHER injection of anti-D antibodies
        
        within 72 hours
        
        ensures mother NEVER BECOMES SENSITISED