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Demographics - Coggle Diagram
Demographics
Declining Birth Rate
The Total Fertility rate has also seen a general decline in the last century, peak of 3 per woman in the 1960s, now 1.6 in 2001.
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Any increase can be due to immigration, less poverty, and advances in birth technologies.
Economic Changes
The wealthier the country, the lower the birth rate.
Better housing, nutrition and education reduce the infant mortality rate, meaning fewer ‘replacement’ babies.
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However, these reasons are deterministic and ‘cold’
As society becomes child centred, parents are expected to cost more money.
Between 1901 and 2010, the brith rate deceased from 29 to 13 per 1000
Technological Changes
Development of contraceptive technologies
Giddens Plastic sexuality, detached from reproduction.
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IVF means that women can delay having children into their 40s.
- Availability to all requires the sttae to fund it
Postmodernisation
Decline of traditional norms and values such as those associated with religions means contraception is no longer stigmatised and reflect individualisation.
Migration Patterns
Net immigration reached 606,000 (peak) in 2023.
Immigration to UK
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The `uk is below European average for asylum applications, about 5% of immigrants in 2018.
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Social Policy
Assimilationsim approach by encouraging immigrants to adopt language, values and customs of the host culture.
Celebration of multiculturalism (encourages racism and xenophobia and complexities in institutions such as education)
Ageing Population
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- Sustainability of public services such as NHS
- Sustainability of pension system
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Life expectancy does not insure healthy life expectancy with many older people developing chronic illnesses whic require intensive social care.
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Decreasing Death Rate
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- Economic growth
- Medical advances
- Social Policies
- Better quality housing
- More income
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Life expectancy varies massively by class, gender and region.