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Exam topics - Coggle Diagram
Exam topics
Linking and grammatical cohesion – referring expressions.
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Choices in the act of communication: static vs. dynamic representation, factual, hypothetical and neutral representation.
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DYNAMIC - the action/process is considered in development and thus potentionally leading to a new state (dynamic verbs...)
John is being funny. (Right now, probably it is going to change soon.)
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hypothetical - wish, suppose, would like, owuld rather... (assumes falsehood)
Speech acts and politeness.
representatives
statements, announcements, reports, conclusions
directives
questions, commands, requests, threats
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expressives
apology, thanking, congratulations
declarations
declarations, resigrantions
Choices in the act of communication: general vs. restricted validity, direct vs. indirect speech presentation.
general - valid for everyone (one, you, we... - general subject)
restricted validity - introduces a specific point of view (To him, she is perfect.)
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Linking and grammatical cohesion – conjunctives.
additive
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reinforcement (on top of that, furthermore
exemplification, explanation (for instance)
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causal (cause, reason, result, purpose, condition) - relate new information to what has been already said
temporal
sequence - then, text, after that
simultaneity - at the same time, meanwhile...
Information processing. Theme and focus. Marked focus and marked theme.
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Formal vs. informal language.
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formal - in socially careful and distant situations (public speeches, academic writings)
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most grammatical structures are regarded as neutral, but there are usually some TYPICAL MARKERS of FORMALITY:
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Linking and grammatical cohesion – substitution and ellipsis.
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both nominal, verbal, clausal
Fronting, inversion and cleft sentences.
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fronting with inversion
subject-verb inversion normally takes place with INTRANSITIVE verbs or POSITION (be, stay, lie) or verbs of MOTION
subject-operator inversion - takes place when the fronted element has negative meaning (if there is no operator, then DO is used
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Polite vs. familiar language.
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positive polightness - warmth towards the adressee, compliments
negative politeness - tact, tentativeness, avioding imposition on others
Variation in language: according to the user and according to use.
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register
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mode
written/spoken, humorous...
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Language functions and their implementation in sentence structure.
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Choices in the act of communication: subjective vs. objective representation, semantic roles of clause elements.
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Postponement and existential sentences.
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EXISTENTIAL SENTENCES -THERE ARE some problems that i would like to talk about... (other then BE - here may come a day we will have to talk again, if regarding space, there can be omitted)
Written vs. spoken language.
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