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MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM of Head and Neck, Pterion, Temporal branches,…

- - - - Cross section
        
        Visceral compartment (pretracheal layer)
        
        Trachea
        
        Oesophagus
        
        Thyroid gland
        
        Vertebral compartment (prevertebral layer)
        
        Cervical vertebrae
        
        Vascular compartment
        
        Common carotid artery
        
        Internal jugular vein
        
        Vagus nerve
- - - - Omohyoid
        Superior border of scapula to hyoid
        Sternohyoid
        Sternum to hyoid
        
        Thyrohyoid
        Thyroid to hyoid
        Sternothyroid
        Sternum to thyroid
        
        Scalene Muscles
        
        Muscles attached to front and sides of the Cervical Spine
        
        Main action: Flexion of the cervical and thoracic spine; lateral flexion of cervical spine (scalenes)
        
        Motor supply: ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves
        
        To first rib
        
        Scalenus anterior
        
        Scalenus medius
        To second rib
        
        Scalenus posterior
      - Cervical plexus
        Anterior rami of C1-4.
- - - - Squamous part of
        Temporal bone
      - Greater Wing of Sphenoid Bone
- - - - Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
        
        Levator labii superioris
        
        Levator anguli oris
        
        Zygomaticus minor
        
        Zygomaticus major
        
        Depressor anguli oris
        
        Depressor labii inferioris
    - - Temporofacial nerve
      - Cervicofacial nerve
  - - - Approximately 100 nuclei in brain stem.
        
        Back half of brain stem innervate upper part of face, on the same side
        
        Front half innervate lower part of face
        
        Upper Motor Neuron Palsy, or Central Facial Palsy
        Stroke victims have opposite half of the face paralysed, but can still operate upper part of the face, because the dorsal part of the brain stem is privileged as they are also supplied by the UMN from same side of brain
        
        Bell's Palsy, or Lower Motor Neuron Palsy, or Peripheral Facial Palsy
        LMN injury, say a blow to the temple, is more serious as the entire side of the face is paralysed
- - - - Main Articular Joint
        
        Mandibular fossa
        
        Upper joint cavity
        
        Articular disc
        
        Lower joint cavity
        
        Fibrocartilage
        
        Condylar process
        
        Articular tubercle slopes in front
        
        Hinge and plane joint
        
        Lateral Ligament
        
        From articular tubercle to neck of mandible
      - Muscles of Mastication
        
        Lateral Pterygoid
        
        Maxillary artery
        
        Outer surface of lateral pterygoid plate
        
        Inserts at neck of mandible
        
        Medial Pterygoid
        
        Supplied by maxillary artery
        
        Inner surface of lateral pterygoid plate (from sphenoid bone)
        
        Runs perpendicular to lateral pterygoid, inserts at inner surface of ramus
        
        Masseter
        
        Supplied by maxillary artery
        
        Zygomatic arch to outer surface of ramus
        
        Temporalis
        
        Supplied by maxillary artery
        
        From temporal bone to coronoid process
        
        Buccinator
        
        Tongue
        
        Actions
        
        Depression
        
        Gravity, muscles in floor of mouth
        
        Action: Hinge, slide down, hinge
        
        From muscle perspective
        
        Masseter
        
        Elevation, Protrusion and Retraction.
        
        Temporalis
        
        Elevation, Protrusion and Retraction.
        
        Medial Pterygoid
        
        Elevation, Protrusion and Retraction, Side-to-side (lateral) movements
        
        Lateral Pterygoid
        
        Protrusion, Side-to-side (lateral) movements, Facilitates Depression
        
        Elevation
        
        Temporalis
        
        Masseter
        
        medial pterygoid
        
        Action: reverse of depression
        
        Protrusion
        
        Lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid
        
        Just a horizontal movement
        
        Retraction
        
        Posterior muscles of temporalis
        
        Deep part of masseter
        
        Just a horizontal movement
        
        Side-to-Side(Grinding)
        
        Complex movement involving rotating and moving laterally
      - Dislocation
        
        Anterior dislocation most common
        
        Mandibular head moves forward & out
        
        First aid is to push down and back
        
        Held against the articular tubercle
        
        Aided by lax capsule and ligaments
- - - - Found in the Carotid Sheath along with the Vagus Nerve and internal jugular vein
  - - - Parathyroid glands behind thyroid glands