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explanations of criminality/ ASB - Coggle Diagram
explanations of criminality/ ASB
XYY
behaviour problems, language and speech difficulties, learning disabilities
can also cause: severe acne, flat feet, belly fat
occurs in 1 out of 1,000 men
both social and physical factors can cause those with XYY to be bullied and feel isolated
not associated with higher testosterone
Jacobs et al- found that there was a high percentage of men with XYY in prison population
amygdala
sham rage- decorticate cats when probed showed signs associated with aggression, source of rage came from temporal region spef amygdala
charles whitman- killed 15 people including himself, found that he had a brain tumour pressing against his amygdala
Raine- found that murderers who pledged NGRI had brain damage specifically in amygdala region
could be classed as reductionist- reducing the brain which usually works holistically
sham rage studies could be classed as ingeneralisable to humans as our brains work differently
amygdala controls emotions and fight or flight response
brain injury
ABIs cause developing brain to 'misfire'- cognitive abilities such as forward planning and impulse control last aspects of brain to develop, thus if brain is impaired before they can develop, controls of impulses will be less regulated
Williams et al - found that 60% of 196 prisoners had some form of brain injury in their life time
TBI- 'traumatic brain injury'- car crash, assault
TBIs can cause a decrease in social judgement, temperance, increase in risk taking behaviour and impulsivity
ABI- 'acquired brain injury'- falls
Swerdlow and Burns- 40 year old paedophile was seen to have an egg sized tumour pressing against his OFC, when tumour removed desires went
Phineas Gage- metal rod through frontal lobe changed whole personality- made him more agg
Eysenck's personality theory
believes that the personality type most likely to be involved in criminal/ ASB are those high in E, N, P
introverts do not seek arousal as they are over aroused, whereas extroverts seek arousal and may find this through risk taking or reckless behaviour. extroverts have an underactive NS
3 dimensions: neuroticism/ intro/extroversion, psychotocism
also takes into account socialisation process and how children react to punishment and rewards. extroverts natural reward seekers thus making them less receptive to punishment and operant conditioning
application to early crime prevention- if you understand that the way children react in the socialisation process to reward and punishment and in terms of their personality it can prevent
acknowledges bio and social factors
personality is not always stable- changes from situation
Chrisjohn- did a self report study on students using personality test of E, N and P. found that high scores linked to delinquency in school, however this self report data which is unreliable as could be skewed by social desirability and subjectivity. also delinquency is not the same as criminality