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America: Expansion and Consolidation - Coggle Diagram
America: Expansion and Consolidation
Native Americans: Way of life
Lifestyle
Tipis
Could withstand the weather as they were circular in shape. Hot in winter and cool in summer. Doors faced east to wake in the morning
Buffalo
Relied on the buffalo for every aspect of their lives. Used every part. Buffalo also sacred and spiritual.
Nomadic
Followed the buffalo and moved with the seasons. Tipis suited this as they were quick to put up and take down.
Culture
Elderly
Storytellers. Exposure: putting the good of the tribe first. When they were too old they willing were left to die
Government
The Chief: figurehead but did not make all decisions alone
Dog Soldiers: organised buffalo hunt Democratic society - everyone could have their say
Other roles in the tribe
Women: prepared the camp, tipi, buffalo and children
Men: hunting and protecting the tribe
Children: learned from their parents. Lookouts
Warfare
Scalping
Native Americans would scalp their enemy to stop them from meeting again in the afterlife.
Dog Soldiers
Protected the ribe at all costs. Warriors.
Counting Coup
Natives believed a dead indian was not a good indian so they would tap their enemy with a stick to show how close they could get without dying!
Cheyenne and Sioux
Tribes would fight each
other to get horses and buffalo. Very aggressive
Beliefs
Waking Tanka
Great spirit
Medicine Men
Spiritual advisor. Oversees religious ceremonies.
Land
Land was sacred so they believed in no ownership of land = nomadic
Natures Great Circle
Nature's Great Circle Balance and harmony. Respect for all living things. Circle of life.
Sacred Dances
Sun dance, ghost dance, buffalo dance.
Hunting
Hunted buffalo mainly. Only killed as many as needed and never killed female or calfs.
Horses and guns
made hunting the buffalo a lot easier. The also used bows and arrows and spears.
3 Main ways to hunt
Jump
Chase
Stampede
Early Settlers
Gold Miners (49er’s)
Benifits
The gold rush gave birth to the greater west. This included wealth to those who found the rare metal and creators of mining companies. Also included the creation of great mining cities of the west such as San Francisco
Push Factor
The east had High unemployment and economic depression
Pull Factor
Gold was discovered in 1848, in the rivers of the west, and many people believed they would find their fortune
Costs
Despite there being gold there was a high chance you wouldn't find any gold. Mining towns were also a huge source of crime and racism.
The reality
Of course the journey west was extremely difficult and it is most likely you will never find any gold and by the time you found out about the gold and made the journey there will be none left
First Farmers
Journey
Despite hard weather conditions and treacherous land such as , mountain ranges, river and vast prairies. The first farmers followed the Oregon trail. Face starvation, disease, lack of resources and even in some cases, cannibalism.
Push Factor
Mainly, manifest destiny but also jobs, fertile land and the adventure
Pull Factor
1830's -1840's Travelled to the western coast of California and Oregon
Mormons
Why move?
Mainly they moved west due to religious persecution. Joseph Smith, the head of the mormon church and creator of the religion, wanted to convert as many people as he could to the mormon faith so he ran for president and so of course people reacted.
Also known as "The Church of Jesus Christ of The Latter-day Saints
1830's -1840's Travelled to the west
The Mountain Men
Life in the Mountains
Life is deadly for these men. Dangerous conditions (Rocky Mountains). Nomadic and lived with the Natives.
Pull Factor
In this new place of America the fashion industry was skyrocketing and due to the wanting of animal fur and fabrics. The mountain were the people who hunted and trapped animals in the Rocky Mountains and traded them with New York Cities fashion industry
Trailblazers
When fur trade ended they blazed trails for the early settlers moving West
Impact of Civil War
Economic Impact
North
The cotton textile industry suffered as it lost access to cotton from the South Industries
making weapons, uniforms and the railroads all did well
Higher taxes and inflation.
Wages were kept low due to women and boys happy to work for less money
South
The war destroyed their railroad
Cotton: 4 million bales in 1861 to 300,000 bales in 1865.
By 1865 there were major food shortages and food riots in some cities.
The South suffered from terrible inflation of 500% by 1865 as the government in the South printed more and more money to pay for the war.
Social Impact
At least 400 women disguised themselves as men and marched off to war
Many men died during the American civil War
Women became nurses on the battlefield and cared for wounded soldiers
There were food shortages due to blockades. Many faced starvation and riots took place.
Political Impact
14th Amendment - 1868 (Freed slaves were protected by the law) Civil Rights Act – 1870 - reinforced 1866 Act
15th Amendment – Blacks could vote and stand for government office
Emancipation Proclamation – 1863 (Slaves were freed)
Civil Rights Act - 1866 (All races expect Native Americans were full US citizens
BUT – Black codes in the South reduced Black rights and kept them separate from whites. KKK formed. Racism and lynching.
Reconstruction Era
Rebuilding the south
South had to become part of the Union again States had to agree to the laws of the union
Carpetbaggers were people from the North who moved to the South during reconstruction to try to make money from the rebuilding
Ended in 1877. Many of the Civil Rights Laws were immediately reversed
The Homesteaders
Who became Homesteaders?
Ex Civil war soldiers who had no where else to go
Ex-slaves - after slavery ended there was lots of racism in the South
Young men and families - new opportunities (nothing to lose)
Push Factors
High unemployment, Expensive land, Economic crisis
Pull Factors
Free land, Adventure, New start, Escape racism (ex black-slaves)
Living
Extreme weather: Hurricanes, tournedos, baking heat, blizzards
Lack of resources: Wood, food and water
Lack of civilisation: No community, conflict with other settlers and Natives
How did they overcome problems?
Barbed Wire - 1874
Sodbuster 1872
Wind pump - 1874
Turkey Red Wheat
Homestead Act - 1862: 160 acres
Timber Culture Act - 1873: 40 acres of trees
Dessert Land Act - 1877: dig irrigation channels
What factors helped them?
Government
G ave land (homestead Acts) Funded Railroad
Moved Natives onto reservations Produced propaganda
Railroad
Cheap land sold around it Quicker tavel (days not months) Could transfer new technology
odbusters, barbed wire, resources)
Women
Civilised the plains - demanded a better life for children Educated children Set up schools