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Spain, between absolutism and liberalism - Coggle Diagram
Spain, between absolutism and liberalism
The reign of Fernando VII and the return to absolutism
After the restoration of absolutism by Fernando VII in 1814, liberal military uprisings followed and were then repressed.
In 1820, troops under Lieutenant Colonel Riego, who were supposed to travel to America, revolted against Fernando VII in Cabezas de San Juan (Sevilla) and restored the Constitution of 1812.
Start of the Trienio Liberal, an unstable period because of conflict between moderate liberals and radical or fanatic liberals and absolutists
Decada ominosa
In 1823, Fernando VII invoked the Treaty of the Holy Alliance between absolutist powers
An army of French soldiers and Spanish volunteers called the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis invaded Spain and the absolutist throne was finally restored
Period in which the king took anti-liberal and conservative measures, reinstated the Inquisition and closed universities
In 1833, Fernando VII died. His daughter Isabel, still a child, inherited the throne
To ensure that she would inherit, Fernando VII passed a new law before his death: the Pragmática Sanción. This replaced the Salic Law, which forbade succession by women. This triggered a civil war between Carlos’s supporters and Isabel’s, First Carlist War
The reign of Isabel II: Moderate liberalism
She had two regents: her mother María Cristina and General Espartero
Military victory over the Carlists
When Fernando VII died, there were two contenders for the throne: his brother, the Infante Don Carlos, and his daughter, Isabel. Each of the contenders represented very different political options
Carlists supported absolutism, Isabel’s supporters wanted a transition to moderate liberalism. This led to the First Carlist War won by Isabel’s supporters
Establishment of a constitutional monarchy
The absolutism of the Old Regime was disappearing thanks to the separation of powers
Despite the move towards liberalism, the monarchy still maintained a large portion of power
Judicial power was in the hands of the courts
Isabel held the executive power and shared the legislative power with the parliament
Two-party system
Two political parties
Moderate Party
Progressive Party
Constitutions
Two constitutions were established during Isabel’s regency and reign
1837, was written by the progressive parliament, against the regent María Cristina’s wishes
1845, was approved by a moderate parliament favoured by the young queen
Centralism
Moderantism imposed a strongly centralised government
Desamortizaciones
Land was expropriated by the state to be sold at public auction. This mainly affected property that was owned by city councils and the Church, whose power was limited
Alternation in power and military rebellions
She selected the country’s prime ministers from a group of moderate politicians
In an attempt to put pressure on the queen, the progressives resorted to a military uprising.
Década Moderada
Government’s position was very conservative, based on the Constitution of 1845
Bienio Progresista
It began when a group of moderate, progressive and democratic troops seized power in a rebellion known as the Vicalvarada
Crisis of moderantism
Moderate Party and the Liberal Union, a centrist party, alternated in power
Sexenio democratico: democratic liberalism
The Revolution of 1868
Progressive General Juan Prim and General Serrano organised the Revolution of 1868, known as La Gloriosa
Isabel II went into exile in France and the Sexenio Democrático began
The democratic monarchy under Amadeo I
Constitution of 1869 established a democratic monarchy, but the Parliament did not want a Bourbon monarch, They selected Amadeo of Savoy
The First Republic
There were four presidents during this 11-month period
None of them managed to resolve the political disagreement amongst republicans about the degree of federalism the state should have
