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Bio Grade 11 Main Concepts - Coggle Diagram
Bio Grade 11 Main Concepts
Evolution
Mutations
Neutral Mutation:
Neutral mutation is a mutation that neither has benefits or disadvantages. In other words, it's good in some environments-- but bad in others.
Beneficial Mutation:
Beneficial mutation is a mutation that brings advantages to an organism. An example are organisms adapting in a environment.
Harmful Mutation:
Harmful mutation is a mutation that brings disadvantages to an organism. Some examples are cancerous mutations, or mutations that makes an organism unable to survive in a environment.
Artificial Mutation:
Artificial selection is directed breeding in which individuals that exhibit a particular trait are chosen as parents of the next generation: artificial selection is used to produce new breeds or varieties of plants and animals.
Hardy Weinberg Problems
What is it used for?
To calculate the genetic variation of a population at an equillibrium.
What does the equation represent?
(p^2+2pq+q^2)
The 'p' represents the homozygous dominant, the 'q' represents the homozygous recessive, and the '2pq' represents as the heterozygous.
What is it disturbed by?
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can be disturbed by a number of forces, including mutations, natural selection, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and gene flow.
Selections
Directional Selection:
Directional selection occurs when individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better or reproduce more than those on the other.
Disruptive Selection:
Disruptive selection, also known as diversifying selection, describes population genetic changes that favor extreme values of a trait over intermediate values.
Stabilizing Selection:
Image result for what is stabilizing selection
Stabilizing selection is the opposite of disruptive selection. Instead of favoring individuals with extreme phenotypes, it favors the intermediate variants.
Sexual Selection:
sexual selection, theory in postulating that the evolution of certain conspicuous physical traits such as pronounced coloration, increased size, or striking adornments, in animals may grant the possessors of these traits greater success in obtaining mates.
Natural Selection:
Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.
Genetics
Things involved in Mitosis and Meiosis (Summary)
Chromatids, centromeres, spindle fibers, haploid, diploid, chromatin, crossing over, synapsis, chromosomes (DNA), G1 and
S and G2 generations, and stages.
(Stages of Mitosis and Meiosis are listed below)
Mitosis
What is Mitosis
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).
How does Mitosis work?
Prophase
– The chromosomes shorten and thicken.
Metaphase
– Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase
– Chromatids break apart at the centromere and move to opposite poles.
Telophase
– Two nuclei formed after nuclear envelopes reform around each group of chromosomes.
Meiosis
What is Meiosis?
A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs during formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals.
How does Meiosis work?
(MEIOSIS I)
Prophase I
– Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, homologous chromosomes form bivalents, crossing over occurs.
Metaphase I
– Spindle fibres from opposing centrosomes connect to bivalents (at centromeres) and align them along the middle of the cell.
Anaphase I
– Spindle fibres contract and split the bivalent, homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I
– Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane may reform, cell divides (cytokinesis) to form two haploid daughter cells.
(MEIOSIS II)
Prophase II
– Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles (perpendicular to before).
Metaphase II
– Spindle fibres from opposing centrosomes attach to chromosomes (at centromere) and align them along the cell equator.
Anaphase II
– Spindle fibres contract and separate the sister chromatids, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite poles.
Telophase II
– Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms, cells divide (cytokinesis) to form four haploid daughter cells.
Monohybrid Cross
What is a Monohybrid Cross?
A monohybrid cross is the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.
Dihybrid Cross
What is a Dihybrid Cross?
A dihybrid cross is an experiment in genetics in which the phenotypes of two genes are followed through the mating of individuals carrying multiple alleles at those gene loci. Most sexually reproducing organisms carry two copies of each gene, allowing them to carry two different alleles.
Things involved in Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses (Summary)
Incomplete dominance, complete dominance, phenotype, genotype, chromatin, chromatid, DNA, mutation, test-cross, nondisjunction, F1 and F2 generation, law of segregation, law of independent assortment, and inheritance.
Mitosis and Meiosis Image:
Biodiversity:
The number and variety of species and ecosystems on Earth
Differences in Biodiversity
Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs
Heterotrophs:
Heterotrophs are organisms that eat other organisms to gain energy
Autotrophs:
Autotrophs are organisms who use the sun to make energy
Obligate Aerobe vs. Obligate Anaerobe vs. Facultative aerobe
Obligate Aerobe:
Bacterias that must have oxygen
Obligate Anaerobe:
Bacterias that must have no oxygen present
Facultative Aerobe:
A bacteria that grows in the presence or without oxygen
Asexual Reproduction vs. Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction:
Involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent.
Sexual Reproduction:
The production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.
Describing species
Taxa:
Taxa are the hierarchical divisions of a species from kingdom to subspecies. There are 7 main taxa rankings: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Dichotomous Key:
A key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters.
Phylogeny:
Phylogeny is the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.
Things involved in the unit
(CONNECT THIS WITH THE OTHER SUMMARIES, ESPECIALLY WITH THIS ONE)
Taxa
Dichotomous Key
Phylogeny
4: Bacteria
5: Plants
Internal Systems
Circulatory System
What is the circulatory system composed of?
The circulatory system is comprised of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
How does the circulatory system work?
The heart pumps the blood all over the body. First, the blood from the pulmonary arteries are pumped into the lungs to become deoxygenated into oxygenated blood. The heart then sends the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins all around the body through the aorta. The veins carry back deoxygenated blood back in the heart and the process is repeated all over again.
Respiratory system
What is the respiratory system composed of?
It is composed of the nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, capillaries, aveoli, and lungs.
How does the respiratory system work (step by step)
When you breathe in (when the diaphragm contracts), air enters your lungs, and the oxygen from the air goes through the nasal cavity where it is warmed and filtered before entering the lungs. It then after passes through a stiff flexible tube called the trachea-- then into the bronchi, then into the bronchioles.
The bronchioles lead to the capillaries and aveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.
The carbon dioxide is exhaled out while the oxygen is absorbed into the body.
Digestive System
What is chemicals and others-- are involved in the digestive system?
Amylase, mucus, pepsinogen, pepsin, gastrin, secretin, CCK, bicarbonate, trypsinogen, trypsin, enterokinase, lipase, bile, and bacteria.
How does the digestive system work (step by step)
The food enters the mouth and is broken down physically by chewing-- and also chemically from amylase which breaks down starch
The food (now called bolus) goes down the esophagus and into the stomach by the use of peristalsis.
The stomach produces gastrin which makes an acidic environment-- to which pepsinogen is produced and converted into pepsin. These break down the food, proteins, and carbs, and is mixed by the stomach.
The small intestine takes in the food (now called chyme) and is messaged by the CCK to produce bicarbonate to neutralize the acid from the chyme. Trypsinogen is converted into trypsin by the enzyme enterokinase to further break down proteins, and lipase and bile is produced to break down fats.
After being completely digested, the large intestine absorbs the remaining nutrients from the chyme (now called stool) with the help of bacteria known as E. Coli. Then it is expelled out of the body.
(Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion)
What is the digestive system composed of?
It is composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), and the large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, and anus).
How do they all connect with each other?
(SUMMARIZED)
Genetics play a role in gene activity or protein functions which can introduce different traits expressed in a organism in the same domain of species, or species not in the same domain. If a trait is advantageous for their environment or social space, the genetic variation of alleles will be more likely passed down to offsprings through selection(s). Overtime, these traits evolved into the organ systems we know today. In this case (for class), being comprised of the digestive system, respiratory system, and the circulatory system.
