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WORD CLASSES - Coggle Diagram
WORD CLASSES
OTHER
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE - ACTIVE: the subject of the sentence is the do-er of an action. PASSIVE: the subject of the sentence is the person the action is being done to
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ELLIPSIS - two meanings. can refer to three dots (...) or to the missing out of a word or words in a sentence
EUPHEMISM AND DYSPHERMISM - EUPHEMISM: a word that tries to avoid saying something unpleasant. DYSPHERMISM: the opposite, tries to draw attention to the unpleasantness of the meaning
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IDIOM - a phrase whose meaning cannot be worked out from the meanings of the individual words that make it up
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SYNECDOCHE AND METONMY - SYNECDOCHE: when a part of something stands in for a whole or a whole stands in for the part. METONMY: when one thing stands in for something that it represents
SYNTACTIC PARALLELISM - where a writer or speaker repeats a sentence structure - usually for persuasive effect
SYNTHETIC PERSONALISATION - this is when a writer or speaker makes use of the second person to "synthesize"
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PRONOUN
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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS - refers back to a previous noun or pronoun, and ends in -self or -selves
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ADJECTIVES
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SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE - express the highest degree of quality, and usually ends in -est and has most in front of it (most stupid)
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ADVERBS
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ADVERBS OF TIME - tells us the time something happens, or its frequency
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EXCLUSIVE ADVERBS - focuses attention of what follows them, to the exclusion of all other possibilities
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VERBS
DESCRIBE AN ACTION, STATE OR OCCURENCE
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POGRESSIVE-PERFECT VERBS - combines the features of progressive and perfect verbs in that they express complete action as though they are in progress
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DETERMINER
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DEOMNSTRATIVE DETERMINER - like demonstrative pronouns, but they don't take the place of the noun - they come before one
POSSESSIVE DETERMINER - like possessive pronouns in that they indicate possession. Unlike possessive pronouns, they come before the nouns they possessed
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NOUN
DESCRIBE PEOPLE, PLACES AND THINGS
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ABTRACT NOUNS - things that do not physically exist - ideas, emotions
PROPER NOUNS - almost always begin with a capital letter, and are the names of people, places, organisations
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SENTENCE TYPES
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COMPOUND - contains two or more clauses, often joined by coordinating conjunctions
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PHRASES
ADJECTIVAL PHRASE - a group of words that, together, function as an adjective in a sentence. the "head word", is an adjective
ADVERBIAL PHRASE - a group of words that, together, function as an adverb in a sentence. the head word is an adverb
NOUN PHRASE - a group of words that together, function as a noun in a sentence. the head word is a noun
VERB PHRASE - a group of words that together function as a verb in a sentence. the head word is a verb
SENTENCE FUNCTIONS
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IMPERATIVE - instructions or commands, and always begin with a verb
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EXCLAMATIVE - exclaim, an exclamation usually signals this type of sentence
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CLAUSES
COORDINATE CLAUSE - a main clause in a compound or complex sentence. where a coordinating clause forms a sentence on its own, you can call it a stranded coordinate clause
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SUBORDINATE CLAUSE - a clause that does not make sense on it's own, and it needs to be paired with one or more main clauses to form a complete sentence. Introduced by subordinating conjunctions. Can be moved around within the sentence without changing the meaning
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RELATIVE SUBORDINATE - adds additional information, and begins with a relative pronoun
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