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Behaviourist Approach, pavlov_classical_conditioning_dogs - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Negative reinforcement
        
        Occurs when an animal (or human) avoids something unpleasant. When a student hands in an essay so as not to be told off, the avoidance of something is negative reinforcement.
      - Punishment
        
        Is an unpleasant consequence of behaviour, for example being shouted at by the teacher for talking during a lesson. (Finding a way to avoid that would be negative reinforcement)
      - Positive reinforcement
        
        Is receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed; for example, praise from a teacher for answering a question correctly in class
      - Positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated. Punishment decreases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated.
    - - He placed a rat in a "Skinner Box" which contained a lever, a light, and a food dispenser. If the rat pressed on the lever, the light would come on and a food pellet would roll down the chute - this is positive reinforcement. At first the rat would press the lever accidentally. However, the consequences was contiguous (the food was dispensed instantly) and contingent (the light coming on alerted the rat to what it had done). Rats quickly learned to press the lever to get food
        
        The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times of being put in the box. The consequence of receiving food if they pressed the lever ensured that they would repeat the action again and again. Concluded: Positive reinforcement strengthens a behaviour by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding.