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Attachment - Coggle Diagram

- - - - mouth opening
      - tounge out
      - tounge back in
      - mouth closing
  - - - difficulties in reliably testing infant behaviour
        
        Infant smiles are in fairly Constant Motion and expressions that are frequently
        
        This makes it difficult to tell between general activity and specifically imitated behaviours
        
        to overcome these problems meltzoff and Moore ask an observer to judge infants behaviour from a video
      - This research highlights of difficulties in testing infant behaviour but also suggests one way of increasing internal validityof the data collected
    - - For example One study by Koepke replicate the findings
        
        M&M counteract that the research failed because it was a less carefully controlled
      - Marianne replicated to study by Marie and trevarthen and found that infants couldn't distinguish live from videotaped interactions with their mothers
        
        This suggests that infants are not responding to the adult
        
        Marianne acknowledges that the failure to replicate may lie with the procedure of the study
      - Therefore even though the earlier stays findings were not replicated this may just be due to differences in methodology
    - - Another method used to Kirsty intentionality of infant behaviour is observed and they respond inanimate objects
        
        Abravanel and DeYong behaviour of an interesting to objects
        
        1 stimulating tongue movements
        
        1 mouth opening/closing
        
        They found that infants of median age 5 and 12 weeks made little response to the objects
      - This suggests that infants do not just imitate everything they see, and that is a specific social response to other humans
    - - Feature of interactional synchrony is that there are some variation between infants
      - Isabella et al found that more strongly attached infant caregiver pairs showed greater interactional synchrony
      - Another study showed that infants who demonstrate a lot of imitation from birth onwards have a better quality of relationship at 3 months
        
        However it isn't clear will the invitation is a cause or effect of this early synchrony
      - This research for therefore shows there are significant individual differences, but does not indicate the cause of these differences
    - - Others imitative behaviour is that it forms the basis for social development
      - Meltzoff has developed a 'like me' hypothesis of infant development based on his research on interactional synchrony
        
        First there is a connection between what the evidence is and their imitation of it
        
        Second infants associate their own tax and their underlying mental States
        
        Third infants project that are internal experiences on others following similar acts
        
        As a result , infant begin to acquire an understanding of what other people are thinking and feeling t
        
        a 'theory of mind' is fundamental for conducting social relationships
      - Therefore this research that it explains how children begin to understand others think and feel
- - - - Longitudinal study on 60 Glasgow infants from working class homes at monthly intervals
      - 7 situations for the mother to keep a diary of the infant's response to
        
        left alone in room
        
        with other people
        
        in a pram outside the house
        
        pram outside shops
        
        put odwn after being held
        
        left in cot at night
        
        passed by whilst sitting in a chair
      - Rated on a 4 point scale
    - - 4 stages of development
        
        1) Indiscriminate
        
        0-2 months
        
        similar response to all situations
        
        shows a preferences to people and social stimuli
        
        reciprocity and interactional synchrony
        
        2) beginnings of attachment
        
        4 months
        
        prefers humans
        
        can distinguish between familiar/unfamiliar faces
        
        no stranger anxiety
        
        3) Discriminate
        
        7 months
        
        separation anxiety from/ must be comforted by 1 person
        
        stranger anxiety
        
        quaity of ccare
        
        sensitive responsiveness
        
        65% just mum, 3% dad
        
        4) multiple attachments
        
        1 year
        
        forms from consistent relationships
        
        e.g other parent, grandparents, siblings
        
        29% wihtin 1 month together
        
        78% within 6 months together
    - - Unreliable data
        
        based on mother's reports
        
        biased mother (social desirability)
        
        challenges internal validity
        
        some may be less sensitive (e.g if this is their 2nd baby they'd rank lower that a 1st time mum)
        
        systematic bias
      - Biased sample
        
        working class glasgow infants
        
        done in 1964 (temporal validity)
        
        can't generalise
        
        major changes since 1960s (e.g women work, we don't leave babies outside shops
      - Cultural variation
        
        differnt ways of raising children
        
        individualist vs collectivist societies
        
        low generalisabilty
        
        multiple attachent more common in collectivist societies
        
        model only applies to western culture
  - - - time father spend interacting with/ directly involved with the child's daily care
    - - Cultural factors
        
        long hours away
        
        shifting labour practicies
        
        women job to look after the kids
      - Social policies
      - Biological factors
        
        women can breastfeed so are mor likely to spend more time
        
        SLT (CC with mother milk so they are more likely to be first attached)
      - The child
        
        bad temperament may lead to less time spent
        
        if the child is a demon, dad no likey and no time spent together
- - - - Combined with Darwin's imprinting theory
      - Monotropy
        
        all kids ofrm a number of attachment but 1 is significantly the most important
        
        form a hierarchy of attachments
        
        primary attachment to the person who responds to the social releasers
        
        bond forms the foundation of emotional development, self esteem and relationship with others
        
        secondary attachment acts as a safety net, without it kids appear to lack any social skills
      - Continuity hypothesis
        
        idea that there's a link between early attachment and later life attachments/ emotional behaviors
        
        secure attachments continue to be secure
      - Adaptive + innate
        
        bowlby believes that kids have an innate drive to attch as it has long-term benefits
        
        innate drive ensures proxmity for food + protection
        
        adaptive as they increase chances of survival + reproduction
      - Maternal deprivation hypothesis
        
        if a child doesn't fromr atatchment within a ciritcal period or if the attahcment is disrupted there will be serious consequences
        
        long -term developmental consequences
      - Secure base
        
        parent acts as a base so kid can explore surroundings
        
        part of developing independence
      - Internal working model
        
        group of concepts a child learns in regard of what to expect from a relationship
        
        developed in early childhood
        
        created by attachment
        
        relationship of trust and certainty
      - Social releasers
        
        characteristics that elicit a caregiving response
        
        e.g big eyes, smiling, crying, chubby cheeks, stuff we find cute
      - Sensitive period
        
        crucial period for forming attachments
        
        before the child turns 2 1/1
        
        link to effects of institutionalization