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05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, image, image, image, image,…
05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
1 NATION AND NATIONALISM
Before the 19th century, the word ‘nation’ expressed different realities
Nationalism, which was the political interpretation of this identity and these aspirations, was influenced by different causes
Liberalism was important when establishing the legitimacy of state power in national sovereignty and citizenship
Since the great monarchies were absolutist regimes
Many people felt liberal and nationalist at the same time, in the19th century
Both Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna
Had organised the map of Europe based on their interests
The development of the liberal economy influenced nationalism
Independence movements, like Greece which sought independence from the Ottoman Empire
Old monarchies, empires and principalities were therefore replaced by nation-states
LORD BYRON (1788–1824)
The English poet Lord Byron personified the revolutionary and romantic ideal
He took part in the revolutions in Italy and in Greece
Nationalism had a strong affective and emotional component
2 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
The Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 had repercussions in Latin America
The cabildos or governments in America formed juntas locales as government bodies
The establishment of the juntas marked the start of the road to independence for the Latin American nations
There were also other reasons, such as
The influence of liberalism and of the independence of the United States on the urban middle classes
Urban development in cities
The marginalisation of criollos from power
Interference from Great Britain
INDEPENDENCE AND FORMATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN STATES
The independence process was violent
After regaining the Spanish throne, Fernando VII refused to make changes in the colonies
A major revolt broke out in Mexico in 1810 in which indigenous people took part
There were rebellions led by Bolívar and San Martín in New Granada
Río de la Plata
The country had proclaimed its independence after the Battle of Ayacucho
Simón Bolívar
Was a rich criollo who owned a lot of land in Venezuela
He dreamed of a new unified American nation, Gran Colombia, but he never achieved that aim
As a young man, he studied in Spain and travelled in Europe
Where he was influenced by liberal ideas
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EMANCIPATION OF LATIN AMERICA
Social consequences
The criollos obtained the political power they wanted and consolidated their economic power
Slavery was abolished in most countries
The indigenous people and the lower classes continued to be discriminated against both socially and economically
Political consequences
The system of government in the new countries was a republic
But the military imposed itself on civil governments
This led to caudillismo, with authoritarian leaderships and frequent coups d’état
Economic consequences
Spain lost its main source of precious metals and certain markets which were supplied by products from the Iberian Peninsula
Spain’s economic dependence was replaced by that of Great Britain and the United States
3 THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
After the Napoleonic Wars, the German Confederation replaced the Holy Empire
In the eastern part
The powerful Kingdom of Prussia maintained an authoritarian and disciplined political and military organisation
To the south was the Austrian Empire, part of which was within the German Confederation
There were also other German territories that depended on Denmark
The German Confederation had an assembly, called the Diet, chaired by the Austrian emperor
It was opposed to liberalism and nationalist movements
In 1834, Prussia therefore took the initiative and created the Zollverein or Customs Union
This commercial union, which included a single railway network throughout the entire German territory
The Revolution of 1848, with its democratic and social demands and important impact on German cities
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, under the reign of William I
Led the unification in an authoritarian, not liberal, manner
He declared war on Denmark in 1864 to gain control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein
Finally, Bismarck planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
Finally, Bismarck planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
Declaring the Second German Empire
4 THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
In the mid-19th century, the Italians felt part of a cultural and historical unit
But they were divided into many territories with different political systems
To the north-west, there was an independent kingdom, Piedmont-Sardinia, ruled by the Savoy dynasty
The rest of the north was occupied by Austria. It was the richest region and included Milan and Venice
Naples and Sicily in the south formed a monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
The duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena were located in the central area, and Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States, with their capital in Rome
Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont, allied with the French and defeated the Austrians at the battles of Magenta and Solferino in 1859
The duchies of the central area and the northern part of Italy were added to Piedmont
Shortly afterwards, Naples and Sicily were occupied by nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi and also annexed to Piedmont.
The pope had to renounce the Papal States and was confined to Vatican City
The end result was a unified country, Italy, with a moderate political regime and parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage
The capital was Rome and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
Was crowned king of a country with great imbalances between the north and south
