There were three waves of antiabsolutist revolutionary movements in Europe

Holy Alliance took part in military interventions in Spain, Naples and Piedmont and reinstated absolutism

Holy Alliance declined due to divisions among its members and to Great Britain'sn criticism of its work

In 1822 there were revolutionary outbreaks in France and Russia

Democratic assembly declared Greece's independence from the absolutist power of Ottoman Empire

After the king abdicated a parliamentary monarchy was established under Louis Philippe of Orleans

Belgians proclaimed their independence from the Kingdom of Netherlands and established a parliamentary monarchy subject to a constitution

Louis Philippe of Orleans reign was becoming more conservative

Workers suffered the most from the effects of an intense international economic crisis

Social advances and role of workers led to fear and opposition from the bourgeoisie

Revolution of 1848 spread to cities in Austria, German Confederation, Italy and Russia

In the middle of 19th century pressure to extend citizens right to vote started to increase

They called themselves democrats as they defended universal manhood suffrage under the principle of one man, one vote

Parliamentary representation expanded in regimes with census suffrage

Parliamentarians or deputies represented the concerns of the upper bourgeoisie and the middle classes

They organised themselves into political parties to promote their ideas and interests

Representativeness of liberal political regimes increased, they were still on the outside of large groups of workers who didn't have the right to vote

A regime was established that maintained universal manhood suffrage

The emperor called plebiscites or referendums to justify his position. Suffrage was recognise

British parliamentarism became very stable, with power alternating between two political parties: Conservative Party and Liberal Party

Success of British politics was due to reforming its laws to increase representation

In Austria, mobilisation of Hungarian nationalists converted two countries into a dual monarchy in 1867 called Austro-Hungarian Empire

Extended universal manhood suffrage made considerable progress

This resulted the submission of the indigenous population and violent repression of any resistance

The indigenous tribes were confined to reservations and their territories were occupied by white settlers

Northern states wanted to abolish slavery but the southern states opposed this, they tried to form an independent state

The more liberal and industrialised North won the war and under the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln all slaves were freed

Former Confederate States later passed laws that took the vote from black and poor white citizens

Established racial segregation with frequent violence against black people

The State of Wyoming was the first to recognise women's suffrage

Political stability, industrialisation and American economic prosperity attracted mass immigration from Europe