NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
NATION AND NATIONALISM
THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
19th century meaning of NATION:
communities that shared culture and wanted to be a nation
NATIONALISM:
the polotical interpretation of nation
Influenced by
Liberalism
states power
national sovereignty
citizenship
many people felt national and liberal
The distribution of Europe
its was done by Napoleon and Congress of Vienna
they wanted to reunite their countries
nationalist aspirations
Liberal economy
states with internal markets free of privilages
barriers to trade
unifom laws throughout the territory
favoures economy and industrialisation
nationalist movements
unifiying
independence
people with common culture together
same state
different political units
like Greece from Turkey
WHY DID IT HAPPEN?
1808 Napoleon invaded Spain
repercuted in Latin America
the colonial authorities did juntas locales
criollos demanded juntas to be opened
urban development of cities
influence of liberalism and independence of US
marginalisation of criollos
interference of Great Britain in economy
Criollos: descendents of conquistadors, wealthy class
PROCESS OF INDEPENDENCE
when Fernando VII reagined the Spanis throne -1
didn't want to make changed and give money to the colonyes
major revolt in Mexico(1810) -2
more rebellions, ended in declaration of independence -3
New Granada (1811) led by Bolívar
Río de la Plata (1816) led by San Martín
both leader met in Peru -4
declared independent 1824 Battle of Ayacucho
there were 14 counties by 1825 -5
LEADERS
Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)
José de San Martín (1778–1850)
rich criollo form Venezuela
studied in Spain
travelled though Europe
was influenced by liberal ideas
Spain's control of America=absolutism
wanted America to be unified
was Argentinian with Spanish parents
22 years in the Spanish army
fought in
Peninsular War
joined Lautaro Lodge in Lonfon
liberal that wanted South American independence
libered Peru
meet Bolivar
gave him control
went to London
"I dont support strong men, but strong civil power"
CONSEQUENCES
:Political
:Economy
:Social
criollos obtained pollitical power
abolished slavery in most countries
discrimitanion to lower class persisted
republic
military imposed istlef on civil government
led to
authoritarian liders
coup d'états
Spain lost
source of precious metals
some markets
Latin America now depended on
first Great Britain
Then U.S.
no economic independence
INITIAL SITUATION:
Holy Empire--> German Confederation
after Napoleonic Wars
East:
Prussia was very powerful
authoritarian and disciplines political/military organisation
South:
Austria
had parts of German Confederation
independent territories
ruled by princes
Diet (assembly of German Confederation)
opposed to
liberalism and nationalism
went againts the liberal economy of burgeoisie
1834 Zollverein or Customs Union
created by Prussia
did not include Austria
commercial union
a single railway
promoted
development
middle class to fight for unification
1848 REVOLUTION
under the rule of Otto von Bismarck
under the regin of William I
led to unification of Germany
in a authoritarian way
Wars:
Denmark 1864
gained controll over duchies of Schleswig and Holstein
1866 Battle of Sadowa
Austria was defeated
for Alsace and Lorraine (French regions)
won in the Battle of Sedan
Prussians occupied Paris
Declared Second German Empire
with universal suffrage
will then be the cause for the two W.W
France wanted the territory back
important influence on European politics
he made the unified German become
centre of imperialist agreements+diplomatic alliances
that have last for years
INITIAL SITUATION:(mid 19th century)
Italy was divided
but Italians felt part of the same
cultural+identity unit
How was it divided?
North-west:
Piedmont-Sardinia
idependent kingdom
ruled by Savoy dinasty
Rest of the north:
richest region
Austria
Venice
was occupied by Austria
South:
ruled by Bourbon dynasty
Naples+Sicily
Central area:
duchies (ducados)
Parma
Moderna
Papal States
Tuscana
ruled by Pope Pius IX
capital Rome
:THE PROCESS
Battles of Magenta and Solferino 1859
Piedmont with French
defeated Austria
lider of Piedmont Cavour
Papal States
anexions to Piedmont
the dutchies of the centre
Naples and Sicily
nationalist Girabaldi ruled
the Papa renunced to them
confined to the Vatican City
a diplomatic conflic began
religios didn't recognise the annexation
ended in 1929 with Lateran Treaty
:END RESULT
unified country
political situation
moderate regime
parliamentary monarchy
censitary suffrage
Rome capital
Victor Emmanuel II Savoy
King Piedmont
:IMPORTANT LEADERS
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882)
who was he?
a Carbonari
founder of the newspaper Giovine Italia
what did he want?
unified Italy
republican democratic system
social reforms
it didn't occur like that
revolutionary spirit
red shirts
name of his volunteers
wanted to conquer the south
the gave the territory to the King