NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS

NATION AND NATIONALISM

THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA

THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY

19th century meaning of NATION:

communities that shared culture and wanted to be a nation

NATIONALISM:

the polotical interpretation of nation

Influenced by

Liberalism

states power

national sovereignty

citizenship

many people felt national and liberal

The distribution of Europe

its was done by Napoleon and Congress of Vienna

they wanted to reunite their countries

nationalist aspirations

Liberal economy

states with internal markets free of privilages

barriers to trade

unifom laws throughout the territory

favoures economy and industrialisation

nationalist movements

unifiying

independence

people with common culture together

same state

different political units

like Greece from Turkey

WHY DID IT HAPPEN?

1808 Napoleon invaded Spain

repercuted in Latin America

the colonial authorities did juntas locales

criollos demanded juntas to be opened

urban development of cities

influence of liberalism and independence of US

marginalisation of criollos

interference of Great Britain in economy

Criollos: descendents of conquistadors, wealthy class

PROCESS OF INDEPENDENCE

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when Fernando VII reagined the Spanis throne -1

didn't want to make changed and give money to the colonyes

major revolt in Mexico(1810) -2

more rebellions, ended in declaration of independence -3

New Granada (1811) led by Bolívar

Río de la Plata (1816) led by San Martín

both leader met in Peru -4

declared independent 1824 Battle of Ayacucho

there were 14 counties by 1825 -5

LEADERS

Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)

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José de San Martín (1778–1850)

rich criollo form Venezuela

studied in Spain

travelled though Europe

was influenced by liberal ideas

Spain's control of America=absolutism

wanted America to be unified

was Argentinian with Spanish parents

22 years in the Spanish army

fought in

Peninsular War

joined Lautaro Lodge in Lonfon

liberal that wanted South American independence

libered Peru

meet Bolivar

gave him control

went to London

image "I dont support strong men, but strong civil power"

CONSEQUENCES

:Political

:Economy

:Social

criollos obtained pollitical power

abolished slavery in most countries

discrimitanion to lower class persisted

republic

military imposed istlef on civil government

led to

authoritarian liders

coup d'états

Spain lost

source of precious metals

some markets

Latin America now depended on

first Great Britain

Then U.S.

no economic independence

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INITIAL SITUATION:

Holy Empire--> German Confederation

after Napoleonic Wars

East:

Prussia was very powerful

authoritarian and disciplines political/military organisation

South:

Austria

had parts of German Confederation

independent territories

ruled by princes

Diet (assembly of German Confederation)

opposed to

liberalism and nationalism

went againts the liberal economy of burgeoisie

1834 Zollverein or Customs Union

created by Prussia

did not include Austria

commercial union

a single railway

promoted

development

middle class to fight for unification

1848 REVOLUTION

under the rule of Otto von Bismarck

under the regin of William I

led to unification of Germany

in a authoritarian way

Wars:

Denmark 1864

gained controll over duchies of Schleswig and Holstein

1866 Battle of Sadowa

Austria was defeated

for Alsace and Lorraine (French regions)

won in the Battle of Sedan

Prussians occupied Paris

Declared Second German Empire

with universal suffrage

will then be the cause for the two W.W

France wanted the territory back

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important influence on European politics

he made the unified German become

centre of imperialist agreements+diplomatic alliances

that have last for years

INITIAL SITUATION:(mid 19th century)

Italy was divided

but Italians felt part of the same

cultural+identity unit

How was it divided?

North-west:

Piedmont-Sardinia

idependent kingdom

ruled by Savoy dinasty

Rest of the north:

richest region

Austria

Venice

was occupied by Austria

South:

ruled by Bourbon dynasty

Naples+Sicily

Central area:

duchies (ducados)

Parma

Moderna

Papal States

Tuscana

ruled by Pope Pius IX

capital Rome

:THE PROCESS

Battles of Magenta and Solferino 1859

Piedmont with French

defeated Austria

lider of Piedmont Cavour

Papal States

anexions to Piedmont

the dutchies of the centre

Naples and Sicily

nationalist Girabaldi ruled

the Papa renunced to them

confined to the Vatican City

a diplomatic conflic began

religios didn't recognise the annexation

ended in 1929 with Lateran Treaty

:END RESULT

unified country

political situation

moderate regime

parliamentary monarchy

censitary suffrage

Rome capital

Victor Emmanuel II Savoy

King Piedmont

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:IMPORTANT LEADERS

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882)

who was he?

a Carbonari

founder of the newspaper Giovine Italia

what did he want?

unified Italy

republican democratic system

social reforms

it didn't occur like that

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revolutionary spirit

red shirts

name of his volunteers

wanted to conquer the south

the gave the territory to the King

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