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Chap 2: Prenatal Development & the Newborn - Coggle Diagram
Chap 2: Prenatal Development &
the Newborn
Newborn :baby::skin-tone-2:
Birth
Baby is squeezed
through the birth canal
forces amniotic fluid
out their lungs
allows baby to breathe air
changes head shape
Skull made of several bone plates
plates can be shifted slightly
Causes hormone release that helps
them withstand oxygen deprivation
Anoxia
"
oxygen deprivation
"
Epidurals (anesthesia) can slow
contractions and birth process
Baby is stuck in birth canal
for longer period of time
Changes experienced
Temperature
womb is a warmer environment
Amniotic fluid protects them
from temperature changes
Body has to regulate temperature
outside the womb
Freedom of movement
Uncontrolled movements can
disrupt the baby's sleep
Swaddles inhibit baby's movement
imitating the womb so the baby can sleep
Patterned light
"Upside down" orientation
Lack of vestibular motion
no longer moving in suspended fluid
similar to being on land after
a long voyage on a ship
changes in centre of gravity
APGAR
administered 1 to 5 minutes after birth
Premature Birth
"
born more than
3 weeks early
(< 35 weeks)
"
Low Birth Weight
average weight is
7
to
7.5 pounds
LBW => less than 5.5 pounds
caused by teratogens
likely to face
Cognitive Impairment
Hyper or distractable
difficulty interacting with peers
poor school performance
increased need for special education
Interventions
Tactile Stimulation
babies who were massaged gained weight faster
and were able to go home quicker
Physical Features
Lanugo
hair
Vernix
Newborn Acne
caused by either mother's
hormones (androgens)
or immature oil glands
Cone-shaped head
Reflexes
Grasping
Moro
if holding baby horizontally
and letting head fall
baby arcs back and extends arms
thought to be adaptive function to
cling to mother for safety
Babinski
if baby's sole
is stroked
toes fan out
and curl
Rooting
Sucking
Stepping
disappear in a few months
Newborn States
Sleep
babies spend more time in
REM sleep than adults
REM sleep
50% spent in REM sleep
and decreases with age
Stimulation Theory
Vision is one of the least
developed senses at birth
Not much light in the womb
Brain activity and eye movement during
increased REM sleep further
development of vision
Evidence
Increased visual stimulation while
awake reduces duration of REM sleep
non-REM sleep
Crying
adaptive function that induces
physiological changes in adults
increase in heart rate
increase in blood pressure
becomes voluntary after
6 weeks
and associated with
change in pitch
Appropriate
responses
Genuine distress
respond immediately
Minor upset
babies are just complaining
Hubbard & Van Izjendoorn
Babies cry less often when
mothers respond slower
Non-western
Cultural Differences
Non-western
Babies cry less
Possible reasons
carried more
supported by experimental research
sleep with parents
Co-sleeping
American families
seek to develop independence
and self-reliance
Baby and mother
tend to sleep in
or different rooms
same room separate beds
Mayan families
baby and mother sleep together sometimes
even with other family members
view sleep as a social event
to be enjoyed as a family
Sensory
Capacities
Taste
have preference for
sweet
before birth
DeSnoo
Babies swallow almost
1 litre
of amniotic
fluid daily during
last trimester
Aids in development
of digestive system
injected saccharin into amniotic fluid for one group
and tasteless dye for the other group
preferences acquired from
prenatal experience
Mennella
2 groups of pregnant mothers in late pregnancy
one group drank carrot juice daily
while other group served as control
Babies fed with food containing
carrot juice
at 5 months old
first group ate more
Smell
Preferences
preference for smell of
own amniotic fluid
preference for
pleasant smells
:banana: :chocolate_bar:
dislike
sour smells
:fried_shrimp: :egg:
Macfarlane
head-turning towards breast pad
No preference at 2-days
Preference for mother's breast pad
at 6 days old
Hearing
inner ear develops at
24th week
foetus heartrate drops in
response to sounds
indication of orientation
towards novel stimuli
Preferences
mother's voice > other women
women > men
native language > other languages
established by allowing infant to use sucking speed to control sounds played from headphones
Cat in the Hat study
Limitations
can't hear soft sounds
no
echo suppression
Prenatal
Development
Stages
Germinal
starts with conception and ends
with attachment to uterine wall
rapid cell division which leads to
formation of the
blastocyst
Implantation into uterine wall
up to 30% of pregnancies
abort before implantation
outer portion of blastocyst forms
into
amnion
and
placenta
Amnion
Placenta
two weeks
:star: sperm carrying y-chromosome are faster and hence more males are conceived
organism is known
as a
zygote
Embryonic
2nd to 8th week
organism is known
as an
embryo
starts with attachment to uterine wall
and ends with
formation of bone cells
Growth
embryo dramatically increases in size
from about
0.25 inch
to
1 inch
Major organs are formed
at 6.5 weeks
Cephalocaudal
things starts from head and works down from there
Proximal-Distal
developing from the middle outwards
Apoptosis
excess number of cells produced
during development
cell death to ensure optimal number
of cells and proper development
Neural Tube
formed at
3 weeks
and
closes at
4 weeks
eventually develops into
brain
and
spinal cord
Spina Bifida
Incidence can be decreased by 75% through consuming a daily
folic acid
(Vitamin B9) supplement
could lead to paralysis and loss of
sensation below the defect
Fetal
starts with formation of bones
and ends with birth
Growth from 3 inches to 20 inches
Sex differentiation
Hearing and light sensitivity develops
Stages
28 weeks
Point of Viability
16 inches
and
3 pounds
able to survive outside the womb
growth slows down
Factors
Teratogens
"
environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal period
"
Factors
Dosage
Heredity
Timing
Thalidomide taken during 4th to 6th week
can lead to limb deformities
Alcohol :wine_glass:
can lead to
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Facial Features
widely spaced eyes
flattened nose
underdeveloped upper lip
Small underdeveloped brain
Emotional and cognitive disorders
Smoking :smoking:
less oxygen in mother's bloodstream
leads to less oxygen for the embryo
Others
Radiation
X-rays can impact cell migration
Emotional Stress
Poor nutrition
lack of folic acid leading to spina bifida
Extreme exercise
Critical Periods
period when organism is most vulnerable to damage from teratogens
Others
mother's age / age of the egg
father's age
Brain Development
Cell Proliferation
"
development of new neurons
"
Cell Differentiation
"
neurons differentiate from each other and specialise in their functions
"
Cell Migration
