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Tectonic Processes and Hazards, what is a hazard, what is a disaster, what…
Tectonic Processes and Hazards
Enquiry question 2: Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters?
1.4 Disaster occurrence can be explained by the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, resilience and disaster.
a. Definition of a natural hazard and a disaster, the importance of vulnerability and a community’s threshold for resilience, the hazard risk equation.
b. The Pressure and Release model (PAR) and the complex inter-relationships between the hazard and its wider context.
c. The social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis) on the people, economy and environment of contrasting locations in the developed, emerging and developing world.
Comparing Impacts of Earthquakes
haiti
china
japan
Comparing Impacts of Volcanoes
Mont Pinatubo
Eyafjallajokull
It is difficult to compare impacts between countries
comparing impacts of tsunamis
inidain ocean
1.5 Tectonic hazard profiles are important to an understanding of contrasting hazard impacts, vulnerability and resilience.
a. The magnitude and intensity of tectonic hazards is measured using different scales (Mercalli, Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) and Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)).
Measuring Earthquakes
Moment Magnitude Scale
MERCALLI SCALE
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
b. Comparing the characteristics of earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis (magnitude, speed of onset and areal extent, duration, frequency, spatial predictability) through hazard profiles.
hazard profiles
c. Profiles of earthquake, volcano and tsunami events showing the severity of social and economic impact in developed, emerging and developing countries. (4)
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1.6 Development and governance are important in understanding disaster impact and vulnerability and resilience.
a. Inequality of access to education, housing, healthcare and income opportunities can influence vulnerability and resilience.
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b. Governance (P: local and national government) and geographical factors (population density, isolation/accessibility, degree of urbanisation) influence vulnerability and a community’s resilience.
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c. Contrasting hazard events in developed, emerging and developing countries to show the interaction of physical factors and the significance of context in influencing the scale of disaster. (5)
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Enquiry question 3: How successful is the management of tectonic hazards and disasters?
1.7 Understanding the complex trends and patterns for tectonic disasters helps explain differential impacts
b. Tectonic mega-disasters can have regional or even global significance in terms of economic and human impacts. ( 2004 Asian tsunami, 2010 Eyafjallajokull eruption in Iceland (global interdependence) and 2011 Japanese tsunami (energy policy))
c. The concept of a multiple-hazard zone and how linked hydrometeorological hazards sometimes contribute to a tectonic disaster ( the Philippines).
a. Tectonic disaster trends since 1960 (number of deaths, numbers affected, level of economic damage) in the context of overall disaster trends. (6); research into the accuracy and reliability of the data to interpret complex trends.
1.8 Theoretical frameworks can be used to understand the predication, impact and management of tectonic hazards.
a. Prediction and forecasting (P: role of scientists) accuracy depend on the type and location of the tectonic hazard.
b. The importance of different stages in the hazard management cycle (response, recovery, mitigation, preparedness). (P: role of emergency planners)
c. Use of Park’s Model to compare the response curve of hazard events, comparing areas at different stages of development.
1.9 Tectonic hazard impacts can be managed by a variety of mitigation and adaptation strategies, which vary in their effectiveness
a. Strategies to modify the event include land-use zoning, hazard – resistant design and engineering defences as well as diversion of lava flows. (P: role of planners, engineers) (7)
b. Strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience include hitech monitoring, prediction, education, community preparedness and adaptation. (F: models forecasting disaster impacts with and without modification)
c. Strategies to modify loss include emergency, short and longer term aid and insurance (P: role of NGOs and insurers) and the actions of affected communities themselves.
Enquiry question 1: Why are some locations more at risk from tectonic hazards?
1.1 The global distribution of tectonic hazards can be explained by plate boundary and other tectonic processes.
a. The global distribution and causes of earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions and tsunamis.
plate boundaries
divergent
Continental and continental Divergent plate boundaries
Oceanic and oceanic Divergent plate boundaries
convergent
Continental and continental Convergent plate boundaries
Continental and oceanic Convergent plate boundaries
Oceanic and oceanic Convergent plate boundaries
conservative
page 24, 26, 27
b. The distribution of plate boundaries resulting from divergent, convergent and conservative plate movements (oceanic, continental and combined situations).
types of techtonic plates
Oceanic plates
compair
Continental plates
c. The causes of intra-plate earthquakes, and volcanoes associated with hot spots from mantle plumes.
Intra plate process
hot spots
mantle plumes
anciant plates
old plate boundrys
new plates
may turn into plate bounderys
crustle fracturing
caused some distence from collision zones
1.2 There are theoretical frameworks that attempt to explain plate movements.
a. The theory of plate tectonics and its key elements (the earth’s internal structure, mantle convection, palaeomagnetism and sea floor spreading, subduction and slab pull).
earths internal structue
explanations of diffrent layers
mantle convection
how can diffrent temps influence rate of motion
paliomagnatism
sea floor spreading
subduction
slab pull
b. The operation of these processes at different plate margins (destructive, constructive, collision and transform). (2)
c. Physical processes impact on the magnitude and type of volcanic eruption, and earthquake magnitude and focal depth (Benioff zone).
causes of earthquakwes
Seismic Waves
Primary wave
primary + secondery impact
Secondary wave
primary + secondery impact
Love wave
primary + secondery impact
Rayleigh Wave
primary + secondery impact
focus
epicenter
types of earthquake
Shallow-focus earthquakes
Deep-focus earthquakes
Underwater earthquakes
secondery impact
volcanoes
Different shapes of volcanoes are created by different types of lava
Basaltic Lava
Andesitic Lava
Rhyolitic Lava
composite volcainos
WHAT LAVA TYPE
sheild volcainoes
1.3 Physical processes explain the causes of tectonic hazards.
a. Earthquake waves (P, S and L waves) cause crustal fracturing, ground shaking and secondary hazards (liquefaction and landslides).
What are secondery hazards
what are primary hazrads
b. Volcanoes cause lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash falls, gas eruptions, and secondary hazards (lahars, jökulhlaups).
primnary impacts of volcainoes
secondery impacts of volcainoes
c. Tsunamis can be caused by sub-marine earthquakes at subduction zones as a result of sea-bed and water column displacement. (3)
tsunamis
what is a hazard
compare
hazard risk equation
PAR
what is a disaster
what is risk
what is vulnrability
what is a community’s threshold for resilience