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Homeostasis + Biochemistry, KEY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Transgenic fruits are created to boost agricultural productivity by bestowing pest or disease resistance or stalling ripening.
      - Another unintended consequence of engineered foods is that they may cause disease-causing bacteria to become resistant to current antibiotics, resulting in an increase in the spread of infections and diseases in the human population.
    - - Drug delivery technologies like Sensulin's "stimulus-responsive drug delivery" platform, will yield breakthroughs. This allows for a once-a-day insulin injection, as opposed to the 4 to 8 injections typically required by patients with type 1 diabetes.
    - - Biopharmaceuticals can cure diseases. Because of their specificity, biopharmaceuticals have fewer side effects than conventional drugs, which affect multiple systems.
      - A majority of therapeutic drugs in the current market are bioformulations, such as antibodies, nucleic acid products and vaccines.
      - Scientists at the CDER Office of Pharmaceutical Quality are investigating the biochemical reactions of cancer cells to drugs designed to penetrate subcellular structures known as mitochondria.
  - - - Cellular respiration (1 type of process) relies on glucose (simple sugar molecule).
        
        Glucose is an important source of energy in the majority of living things. Energy is released from glucose during cellular respiration and used to help make adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
      - Protein plays an important role in cellular structure which holds the cell together.
        
        They also function as transporters, transporting nutrients and other molecules into and out of cells, as well as enzymes and catalysts for the majority of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.
    - - pH value
        
        The rate of chemical reactions is affected by changes in the structure of the enzyme. The shape and structure of the enzyme will change as the pH of the reaction medium changes.
      - Chemical stability
        
        The less reactive the reactant, the more stable it is. In terms of rates, this means that the slower the reactant reacts, the more stable it is (eg. argon).
      - Toxicity and toxic substances in general
        
        They can alter the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters at the biochemical level, which may be associated with behavioural changes.
        
        eg of biological toxins: botulinum, cholera, ricin, and tetanus toxins
  - - - DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus are all present. Their roles include encoding protein-making instructions, assisting in protein production, and transmitting instructions from parents to offspring.
        
        nucleic acids make up nucleotides, containing bases and pentose sugars
      - Proteins help cells maintain their shape, build muscles, speed up chemical reactions, and transport messages and materials.
        
        made of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds
      - Lipids play several roles, including energy storage, cell membrane formation, and message transport.
        
        can be fats and oils, saturated from animals and unsaturated from plants
      - Carbohydrates' functions include providing energy to cells, storing energy, and forming specific structures, such as plant cell walls.
- - - - Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are chemicals that behave like hormones (eg. BPA from plastic water bottles). It can dramatically affect a person's health like cause obesity.
      - Air pollution is inhaled into the lungs and can cause lung damage. It can spread from the lungs to other organs in the body, causing damage. Nanoparticles in air pollution can enter the bloodstream from the lungs and travel to nerves throughout the body. They can also get into the brain.
        
        Vitamin A blockage: Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH) molecules found in air pollution have been linked to vitamin deficiency. These chemicals enter the body and increase vitamin A breakdown.
      - Changes in temperature can affect homeostasis as the body tries to maintain an internal balance through shivering and sweating.
        
        When your hypothalamus detects that you are overheating, it sends signals to your sweat glands, causing you to sweat and cool down. When the hypothalamus detects that you are too cold, it sends signals to your muscles, causing you to shiver and generate heat.
    - - Pollution and toxic manmade chemicals due to technology and population expansion affects pH, temperature, and climate which can affect an environment's homeostasis.
        
        eg. Coral reef bleaching: changes to temperature of ocean waters have lead to massive death of algae and other microscopic aquatic organisms.
      - Interactions between predators and prey are frequently cited as classic examples of how consumer/resource dynamics can result in negative feedback that stabilises the system.
  - - - Increased blood glucose levels: The nervous system detects this. The pancreas' specialised cells detect this, and the endocrine system releases the hormone insulin. As would be expected in a negative feedback system, insulin lowers blood glucose levels.
    - - Uterine contractions during childbirth: The endocrine system produces the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contraction. This causes pain, which the nervous system detects. Instead of decreasing oxytocin and alleviating pain, more oxytocin is produced until the contractions are strong enough to cause childbirth.
    - - Our body tries to maintain these ideal conditions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
        
        The net flux of filtered plasma is balanced by lymph fluid formation into the initial lymphatic vessels to maintain interstitial fluid homeostasis.
        
        Plasma aids in the distribution of heat throughout the body as well as the maintenance of homeostasis, or biological stability, which includes acid-base balance in the blood and body.
  - - - Temperature: It was widely assumed that a 35°C wet-bulb temperature is the maximum a human can tolerate before they could no longer regulate their body temperature adequately.
      - Salt levels: The American Heart Association recommends a daily sodium intake of no more than 1500 mg. High blood pressure, heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke can all be caused by eating too much sodium. It can also cause calcium loss, with some of it being pulled from bone.
      - Water levels: When there is too much water in the body, the kidneys cannot remove it. It begins to accumulate in the body, causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
      - Glucose levels: Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) occurs when there is an excess of sugar in the blood due to a lack of insulin in the body. It is linked to diabetes, can cause vomiting, excessive hunger and thirst, rapid heartbeat, vision problems, etc.
  - - - stimulus produces change in variable, change detected by receptor
    - - information sent along to the control center, information then sent out along efferent pathway to the effector
    - - response of effector feeds back to influence the magnitude of the stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis