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Intergroup Relations - Coggle Diagram
Intergroup Relations
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Definitions
Prejudice: unfavourable attitude / evaluation towards a person, based on their group membership = attitude
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Intergroup relations: individuals' behaviour that is regulated by their awareness of and identification with, social groups
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Collective Behaviour
Collective Behaviour
- Large no. of people, in same place at same time, behaving uniformly / with common focus
- Because of injustice, high efficacy, ID with group / purpose
Deindividuation
- Conditions (anonymity, arousal, focus on external, group unity) -> reduced self-awareness & personal identity salience -> unsocialised behaviour ->
- IF less private self-awareness (thoughts/feelings):
** More impulsive
** More sensitive to cues / emotional states
** Less monitoring / regulation of behaviour
** Less concern about others' evaluation
** Less ability to rationally plan
- IF less public self-awareness:
** Disinhibition
** Anti-normative behaviour
Emergent norm theory
- Collective behaviour = adhering to norms
- Normless crowd
- -> distinctive behaviour becomes norm
- -> normative influence
- -> majority inaction confirms norm
- -> collective behaviour
- BUT crowds not formless, self-awareness if low in crowds
Early theories - LeBon
- Assume antisocial, violent, impulsive
- Anonymity -> irresponsibility
- Contagion -> rapid, unpredictable changes in behaviour
- Suggestibility -> primitive, savage instincts emerge
Social identity model of deindividuation
- Crowds exhibit intergroup behaviour (e.g. rioters vs police)
- Loss of individual ID (personal) ID -> assume ID of crowd (social ID augmented)
- Crowd members look to core members for guidance
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Social Identity Theory
Minimal Group Paradigm
- People categorised on random/trivial criteria
- -> bias to ingroup
- Tajfel's experiment: people divided randomly (artist preference), distribute $
Social Identity Theory
- Consequences of social identity (Tafjel)
- Self-concept from group membership
- Ingroup favouritism: behaviour that favours own group over others
- vs Ethnocentrism: evaluations/attitudes that favour own group
- Functions: self-enhancement + reduce uncertainty
Social Categorisation Theory
- What leads to social identity - cognitive explanation of how & why we social ID
- Classification in social group is enough -> ID -> ethnocentrism + competitive behaviour
- BUT more likely if people ID with category, or categorisation reduces uncertainty
- Use prototypes to describe groups
- Meta-contrast principle: diff between groups > diff within groups
- Depersonalise: perceive / treat self & others as prototypes of group, not individuals
Belief systems
Social mobility system
- Intergroup boundaries permeable
- Individualist socieities
- Individual mobility -> move from lower to higher status group
Social change system
- Intergroup boundaries not permeable
- IF status quo secure -> no cognitive alternatives -> social creativity
* New dimensions of comparison (e.g. compare gardens, not hut)
* Redefine existing dimensions (e.g. 'Black is beautiful')
* Comparison with diff / lower outgroup (e.g. compare to novice)
- IF status quo insecure -> cognitive alternatives -> social competition -> action/protest/war
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Intergroup Theories
- Relative Deprivation Theory
- Perceived gap between expectations & achievements
= frustrating -> intergroup aggression
- Gap visible in J-curve: attainments suddenly fall short -> acute rel. dep. -> collective unrest
- Fraternal relative deprivation: group has less than entitled, compared to aspirations or other groups
- Realistic Conflict Theory
- Mutually exclusive goals -> competition -> conflict & ethnocentrism
- Shared goals -> cooperation -> group formation, harmony
- Sherif's experiment: boys on camp, divided into groups, competed, superordinate goals (achieved only with coop)
- BUT competitive even with shared goals & non-comp relations ->
- Social identity theory