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GOVT POLICIES & INTERVENTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN VARIOUS SECTORS, AND…

- - - - Substantive – policies that are concerned with the general welfare and development of society
      - Regulatory – deals with the regulation of trade, business, safety measures, etc.
      - Distributive – focuses on specific sectors of society.
      - Redistributive – concerned with the rearrangement of policies aimed at making socio-economic changes
      - Capitalization– Under this type of policy, the Union government provides subsidies to different lower levels of government and other business undertakings.
    - - Agenda Setting
        
        Policy Formulation
        
        Adoption/Legitimation
        
        Implementation
        
        Evaluation
        
        Policy Maintenance, Succession, or Termination
        
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    - - Executive:
        
        Cabinet
        
        Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers
        
        Secretariats – Departments and Ministries
        
        Civil Servants/Bureaucrats
      - Legislature
      - Judiciary
      - Informal Agencies involved in Policy Formulation:
        
        Media
        
        Political Parties/Pressure groups
        
        Individual Citizens
        
        Civil Society Organizations
    - - The excessive overlap between policy-making and implementation
      - Lack of non-governmental inputs and informed debate
      - Excessive Fragmentation in Thinking and Action
      - Inadequate analysis of costs, benefits, trade-offs, and consequences
      - Lack of Evidence-based Policy formulation
    - - Reduction in fragmentation
      - Separation of policy-making from implementation and decentralizing implementation authority
      - Widening and enhancing the knowledge base used in policy-making and promoting integration and synthesis.
      - Evidence-based policy formulation.
      - Improving the competence and skills of policy-making manpower
      - Setting up an autonomous “Monitoring Trust” as an integral part of all important public policies and programs. The proposed Trust can comprise core technical, administrative, and legal members, along with stakeholders and social activists.
      - Sharing information and progress through dashboards and other technology tools, inviting suggestions through IT portals like MyGov democratize and enrich both policy formulation and execution.