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Chapter three: Recognizing the causes of terrorism - Coggle Diagram
Chapter three: Recognizing the causes of terrorism
Causes of terrorism
U.S foreign policy
American international activities are blamed for terrorist attacks. D Osama Bin laden said it was US forgoing policy : Do not understand the history, colonialism, support puppet goverments,founded the sate of israel and funds their military, neglected human rights, sends american troops to middle east.
Historical Grievances
Middle eastern and Jews all have historial pain and claim that its self defense against agressors.
Crusades, Holocaust
Poverty.
Absolute poverty: People lack so many resources that they cannot even meet their basic needs such as food shelther and clothing.
Relative poverty: Some people are less wealthy than their fellow citizens or peers in other countries
The argument here is that people become so frustrated with their impoverished conditions that they express their aggravation through violent activity including terrorism.
Political causes
Politics: Defined as the authoritative allocation of values and resources in society. The major implications of politics and what a good government is is debatable.
Politcal systems: governing body that operates in a self contained environment. Compose the inputs, decisions making processes, and outputs. Terrorism can occur when the political system doesn't react to the preferences of the citizens
Political functions: Performance of government functions may also be regarded as a cause of terrorism.
Input functions: activities that influence priorities in the political system. These include articulation, and interest aggregation. Such as political parties and agenda setting,
Output functions: Activities emanating from the political system. They incorporate rule making (e.g. policy decisions), rule application (i.e. policy enforcement), and rule adjudication (e.g. court decisions about policy).
System requirements: Functions that must be established to maintain the operation of a political system. Elections, working together and satisfying their wants and needs through routinization of the way things are done, integration of parts and goal attainment
Maintenance: Feedback function. It is composed of socialization (e.g. teaching rules of appropriate political behavior), political recruitment (e.g. the joining of interest groups), communication (e.g. calling your senator or state of the union speeches), and symbolism (e.g. a parade to increase pride and trust).
Political structure:
Structure: organizational relationships to the political system : 4 different structures that can be identified
Economic class model A model that suggests a division of society based on the amount of wealth one possesses (e.g. bourgeoisie, middle class, proletariat).
Political elit model: A model where the political leaders rule the masses IE saddam Hussen
Group competition model : A model of politics that asserts that interest groups interact with or counteract one another in their attempt to sway government policy.
Corporatist model: Streesses various componets of society into the state goverment.
Cultural and religious causes
Culture: trhe lifestyle of groups based on shared history langauge and relgion and moral system
Cultural dimensions of terror
he was more concerned about the possibility that some of the world’s civilizations may oppose Western culture because the United States is so powerful militarily, economically, and politically. many may oppose because american values because of its focus on individualism, constitutional goverment human rights and democracy.
Religion: The beliefs and practices espoused by those sharing a common spiritual faith.
The role of religion: faith as a means to promote terrorism
Wahhabism: A very stringent and legalistic religious movement that attempts to ensure the purity of the Muslim faith with no deviations whatsoever.
Jihad:Internal struggle to persue righteousness or war to dself defense, but has been used in terrorism
Fatwa: A religious edict
Ideology: COnsequently a set of beleifs that relate to values, attitutdes and ways of thinking and goals
historical grievances, poverty, foreign policy, political factors, culture, and religion are often regarded to be positively correlated with terrorism.
The nature of ideologies: IDeologies may discourage change, promoite revolutions, and accept incremental reform. 5 bases
Persuasiveness: How long has it been in existence?
Extensiveness: How many people share that particular belief?
Coherence: Does the internal logic make sense?
Intensiveness: What is the strength of the attachment?
Scope: What subject does the ideology cover?
Ideological dimensions of terrosim:
Valuation dimension- with norms and judgments of the ideology
Program dimension-plans and actions to support goals
Affect dimension- specific feelings or emotions that are generated in conjunction with beliefs.
Social based dimension- refers to the individuals or groups that espouse the ideology
Cognitive dimension. The knowledge and beliefs of the ideology