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Economic Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - GNI per capita is an indicator of standards of living as it displays income per person. GDP per capita is a better indicator of a country's output.
    - - Health: Includes life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, and maternal mortality. GNI per capita often correlates with these indicators.
      - Education: Measures levels of educational attainment. If the government allocates enough resources to education, countries can achieve universal literacy without a high per capita income.
    - - Economic: Includes Lorenz curve, Gini coefficients, poverty lines, minimum income standards, and the multidimensional poverty index.
      - Social inequality: Includes adolescent fertility rates, inequality in education, child malnutrition, child labour, gender inequalities, and inequality in life expectancy.
    - - Includes renewable energy consumption, access to electricity, electricity consumption, renewable energy share in energy
    - - Includes CO2 emissions per capita, animal species threatened, measures of waste generation, measures of intensity of water use
  - - - Includes three dimensions: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Measured using life expectancy at birth, mean and expected years of schooling, and GNI per capita respectively.
    - - Measures human development in the same three dimensions as HDI. However, adjusts for inequality in each dimension. Inequalities result in IHDI being lower than HDI unless complete equality is achieved in which case both would be equal.
    - - Measures inequality between genders using: reproductive health (adolescent birth rate, maternal mortality rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women, proportion of women in population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (proportion of women in the workforce). Measures losses in human development due to gender inequality; greater the GII higher the inequality.
    - - Argues that GDP/GNI are not good measures of wellbeing. Instead includes life expectancy, people's feeling about their own wellbeing, ecological footprint, and inequalities in society. Only index that adjusts for ecological footprint, but lacks inclusion of other important aspects of development.