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PRESSURE GROUP, NGO, SHG & COOPERATIVES BY ATRISHEKHAR - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Societies: Societies have to register under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
      - Trusts: Private trusts are registered under the central government’s Indian Trusts Act, 1882, and public ones are registered under the state legislation concerned.
      - Charitable Companies: They are set up according to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013. For charitable companies, the compliance requirements are high, as loans and advances are easily available to them compared to a trust or a society. They have to even pay Income tax under the IT act 1961.
    - - ● Article 19 (1)(c) - right to form associations
      - ● Article 43- promote co-operatives in rural areas
      - ● Concurrent list- charitable and religious institutions
  - - - o 2020 amendment=> tightened oversight of funds received
    - - ● Societies registration Act 1860
      - ● Section 8 Companies Act 2013
      - ● Indian Trusts Act 1882
      - ● DARPAN Portal- NITI Aayog
  - - - link between govt and end users
      - Implementer- Catalyst- Collaborator
    - - o filling in gaps left by govt. to provide essential services
      - o help migrant workers (Food, water and transportation)
      - o spread awareness of virus
      - o identifying hotspots and deputing volunteers
      - o Vaccine Distribution- Progressive International
  - - - o Restriction to explore (Adm. spending only 20%)
    - - ● Check misuse of foreign funds- against security and anti-national activities
      - ● regulate them and make them acc. and transparent
      - ● Compliance- CBI only 10% file annual income
      - ● Hampering development project- IB report
      - ● Religious and cultural encroachment (Compassionate international)
    - - Effective monitoring- govt. committees=>
      - Co-operative Approach- Universities + Schools + Colleges
      - Concentrating on remote regions
      - Technology intervention- Fund raising + mutual alliance + Ads
      - better co-operation between govt. and NGOs
      - Applaud NGOs contributions (Awards +Additional Funding)
      - National Accreditation Council
      - 2nd ARC- FCRA decentralized
      - Steps taken by Govt.
        
        ● Vijay Kumar Committee- Accreditation guidelines + searchable database
        
        ● NITI AAYOG- nodal agency for registration and accreditation- seeking govt. funds
        
        o NGO DARPAN
        
        RTI and NGO
        
        ● After SC Decision- non-government organizations (NGOs) that receive government funding are now subject to the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.
        
        o Public Authority- section 2 of RTI
        
        o Definition of substantial funding- SC
        
        Benefit
        
        o Upholding Accountability, independence and reliability
        
        o Access to Information- how funds spent- Article 21
        
        o Effectiveness of NGOs as a social service delivery agent
- - - - ● Human Development- well-being of bottom of society
      - ● Political Development- strong institutions
      - ● Economic Development
      - ● Social Development- investing in people and removing obstacles
      - ● Sustainable Development
        
        The Brundtland Report describes
        sustainable development as development that meets current needs
        without jeopardizing future generations' ability to fulfil their own
        
        SDG
  - - - o India- 3rd largest economy (PPP)
      - o Oxfam report- India's top 1% holds 51% total national wealth
    - - Ex- Failure of Land reforms- stagnant
        agri. growth
    - - o social unrest + Protest + Regionalism +
        reservation (dominant caste)
    - - o Quality of education
      - o high prevalence of diseases
      - o NEP 1968- 6% of GDP on education
      - o but 2019-2020 only 3.1% of GDP spent
  - - - ● Registered Societies
      - ● Charitable trusts
      - ● co-operatives
      - ● Non-Govt organizations
      - ● SHGs, students groups Microcredit orgs.
      - Professional self-regulatory bodies
- - - - Patriarchy- restrict financial and social
        roles
      - family obligations
    - - o Southern states- 70%
      - UP and Bihar- high poverty rate- poor
        performance
    - - o non-regular meetings
      - o quality of leadership (benefited more
      - than members)
      - o poor accounting practices and instance
      - of funds misappropriation
      - o Politicization- Affiliation and
      - intervention
  - - - ● SHG Digitization for financial inclusion
      - ● Aadhaar linked identity
      - ● implemented in 250 districts
- - - - PACS are the ground-level cooperative credit institutions that provide short-term, and medium-term agricultural loans to the farmers for the various agricultural and farming activities.
      - It works at the grassroots gram Panchayat and village level.
      - The first Primary Agricultural Credit Society (PACS) was formed in the year 1904.
      - The PACS functioning at the base of the co-operative banking system constitute the major retail outlets of short term and medium term credit to the rural sector.
      - Who regulates PACS?
        
        PACS are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act and also regulated by the RBI.
        
        They are governed by the “Banking regulation Act-1949” and Banking Laws (Co-operative societies) Act 1965.
  - - - ● Provide financial and legislative support for development
      - ● reduction regional imbalances
      - ● improve co-operative education, training and HRD
- - - - There is no explicit provision in the Constitution regarding PG (Pressure Group), yet they exist because of Article 19, which gives citizens the right to form associations and unions.
    - - Economic association: such as chambers of commerce, trade unions.
      - Professional association: such as that of architects, doctors, lawyers.
      - Public interest group (PIG): such as friends of environment who aim to benefit people beyond their membership.
      - Special interest group (SIG): a subgroup formed within the framework of a main group to focus on a very narrow area of interest.
      - Types of Pressure groups according to structure
        
        Associational
        
        Non associational
        
        institutional
        
        Anomic
    - - Representation
      - Political participation
      - Lobbying government
      - Educating public
      - Mobilising public
      - Policy formulation and implementation:
    - - lobbying state members and the Parliament via petitions, letters and deputations;
      - consulting with ministers or senior public servants;
      - hiring professional lobbyists;
      - taking legal action through injunctions or appeals to higher courts;
      - campaigning for, or opposing, certain candidates at elections;
      - demonstrating outside Parliament and government offices or marching in the streets;
      - using the industrial muscle of strikes for political purposes.
    - - Pressure groups vary in size and organizational structure, which may not necessarily represent the amount of influence exerted upon a government’s policies
      - Pressure groups shores up the accountability of the government and serve as a vital check on government actions and inaction.
      - Pressure groups are a vital link between the government and the governed.
      - Pressure groups are able to express the views of minority groups in the community who might not otherwise receive a hearing.
      - Pressure groups are able to use their expertise to provide the government with important information.
      - Pressure groups offer an alternative source of advice to the government, separate from that coming from the Public Service
      - Pressure groups generally promote opportunities for political participation for citizens, without the need to join a political party.