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Role Civil Services in Democracy BY ATRISHEKHAR - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Colonial Era
        
        The British civil service came on the Indian scene after the takeover of the East India Company in the 1860s.
        
        Initially the British civil service was a part of a police state, with the major task being that of carrying out law and order functions. It was separated as the different provinces had different civil services.
        
        During the period of Warren Hastings, the institution of the collector was created in 1772.
        
        Lord Cornwallis is known as the father of civil services in India. He reformed and organised civil services. He separated revenue administration from judicial administration. The collector was made head of revenue administration of the district.
        
        Charter Act of 1853 provided for open competition to civil services. But the Indian Civil Service was divided into covenant and non-covenant with Indians being restricted to non-covenant posts of lower bureaucracy only.
        
        In 1854, on the recommendations Macaulay’s report, Civil Services Commission was set up to recruit civil servants. Initially examination was conducted only in London with minimum and maximum age being 18 and 23 years respectively.
        
        Satyendranath Tagore became first Indian to become a civil servant in 1864.
        
        Aitchinson Commission (1886) recommended the division of services into three groups – Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.
        
        The recruiting and controlling authority of Imperial services was the ‘Secretary of State’ and for provincial services, it was states.
        
        The British government setup Indian Civil Service in 1911, primarily with the objective of strengthening British administration.
        
        From 1922 onwards, examination was conducted in India as well. First in Allahabad and then in Delhi with setting up of Federal Public Service Commission.
        
        The Government of India Act 1919 divided the Imperial Services into All India Services and Central Services. The central services were concerned with matters under the direct control of the Central Government.
        
        This Act also provided for the establishment of Public Services Commission in India. But it was established in 1926 after recommendations of Lee Commission.
        
        Further, the Government of India Act, 1935 envisaged a Public Service Commission for the Federation and a Provincial Public Service Commission for each Province or group of Provinces.
        
        The Indian civil service was set apart from other imperial services for manning top civil posts under a rigid hierarchy of a bureaucratic system which Lloyd George termed as the “Steel Frame” of the British Raj.
      - POST INDEPENDENCE
        
        In 1947, free-India inherited the Indian Civil Service (ICS). After prolonged consideration, its Constituent Assembly decided to continue to run the Indian Administration with the help of the Indian Civil Service.
        
        After independence the Indian Civil Service was reorganised as a two-tier system. The central government controlled the All-India Services (AIS), namely, the Indian Administrative Service (lAS), the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS) and the central services which were classified as Group A, B, C, and D services. The selections to the All India Services and Group A and B services are conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
        
        The All–India Services (AIS) are a unique feature of federal polity. It is the view of any constitutional experts that the Constitution though federal form is unitary in substance.
        
        The AIS scheme is a part of this general plan of making the Centre strong in the overall constitutional arrangements.
    - - ● Arthashastra
      - ● Akbar's Regime
      - ● Max Weber (Modern)
    - - Hierarchy
      - Strict adherence to rules
      - Value neutrality
      - Merit orientation
      - Specialization (role specificity)
      - Written orders
      - Impersonality
      - Carrier based
      - Organisational loyalty
      - Full time job and Regular salary
    - - Parliament
      - CoM=> Temporary executives
      - Bureaucrats=> Permanent executives
    - - As per Articles 53 and 154, the executive power of the Union and the States vests in the President or Governor directly or through officers’ subordinate to him. These officers constitute the permanent civil service and are governed by Part XIV of the Constitution (Services under the Union and States (Article 308- 323)).
      - Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules: The manner in which the officers are required to help the President or Governor to exercise his/her executive functions is governed by these Rules.
      - Article 309: Powers of Parliament and state legislatures – It empowers the Parliament and the State legislature regulate the recruitment, and conditions of service of persons appointed, to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State respectively.
      - Article 310: Doctrine of Pleasure – Every person of Defence service, Civil Service and All India Service holding any post connected with the above services holds office during the pleasure of the President or Governor of the State.
      - Article 311: Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank.
      - Article 311 – Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
      - Article 312 – All India Services.
      - Article 323A: Administrative Tribunals
- - - - Post retirement avenues
      - o cooling off period
      - Points from Good Governance
      - Security of tenure
      - o Hota- 3 years tenure fixed
      - Use ICT and E-Governance