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05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, image, image, image, image,…
05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
NATION AND NATIONALISM
Nation:
human communities with shared cultural traits and that were sovereign or aspired to be by constituting a nation-state
Nationalism was influenced by different causes
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna
organised the map of Europe based on their interests
helped generate nationalist aspirations
Liberal economy
States with internal markets free of privileges, barriers to trade, and uniform laws throughout the territory, favoured economic growth and industrialisation
Liberalism
was important when establishing the legitimacy of state power in national sovereignty and citizenship
many people felt liberal and nationalist at the same time
types of nationalist movements
independence movements
sought independence
unifying movements
aspired to bring people with a common culture together
THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 had repercussions in Latin America
governments in America formed juntas locales
people demanded that these juntas be open
independence process was violent
Fernando VII refused to make changes in the colonies
A major revolt broke out in Mexico
There were rebellions led by Bolívar and San Martín in New Granada and Río de la Plata
Simón Bolívar
a rich criollo who owned a lot of land in Venezuela
studied in Spain and travelled in Europe
was influenced by liberal ideas
dreamed of a new unified American nation, Gran Colombia
José de San Martín
born in the province of Corrientes, Argentina
His parents were Spanish
served in the Spanish army for 22 years
joined the masonic Lautaro Lodge
a liberal lodge whose members supported the independence of the South American colonies
Social consequences
criollos obtained political power
Slavery was abolished in most countries
Political consequences
system of government in the new countries was a republic
military imposed itself on civil governments
led to caudillismo
Economic consequences
Spain lost its main source of precious metals and certain markets which were supplied by products from the Iberian Peninsula
Latin America continued without true economic independence
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
After the Napoleonic Wars, the German Confederation replaced the Holy Empire
German Confederation had an assembly, called the Diet
opposed to liberalism and nationalist movements
Prussia created the Zollverein
excluding the Austrians
promoted economic development and encouraged the middle class to fight for unification
Otto von Bismarck led the unification in an authoritarian manner
Bismarck planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
in 1871 the Second German Empire was declared
with universal manhood suffrage
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
Italians felt part of a cultural and historical unit, but they were divided into many territories
Austria
The rest of the north
included Milan and Venice
the richest region
Naples and Sicily
a monarchy
governed by the Bourbon dynasty
south
Piedmont-Sardinia
north-west
an independent kingdom
ruled by the Savoy dynasty
duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena
the central area
Papal States
Pope Pius IX reigned
capital in Rome
Giuseppe Mazzini
was a Carbonari
wanted a unified Italy with a republican, democratic system
Giuseppe Garibaldi
led his volunteers, known as ‘red shirts’, to conquer the south
handed over the territory to the king of Piedmont-Sardinia
Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont, allied with the French and defeated the Austrians
duchies of the central area and the northern part of Italy were added to Piedmont
Naples and Sicily were also annexed to Piedmont
pope had to renounce the Papal States and was confined to Vatican City
end result was a unified country, Italy
capital was Rome
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, king of Piedmont, was crowned king
moderate political regime and parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage
