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LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS - Coggle Diagram
LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
THE CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES
FRANCE
a regime was established that maintained universal manhood suffrage
there was no real separation of powers, as everything depended on Napoleon III.
Instead of elections, were plebiscites or referendums to justify his position
GREAT BRITAIN
most of the 19th century, Britain’s monarch was Queen Victoria (1837–1901
parliamentarism became very stable
the Conservative Party (Tories) and the Liberal Party (Whigs).
PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA
Revolution of 1848 led to the establishment of censitary suffrage and constitutional texts in the Kingdom of Prussia and in Austria
freedoms were limited by the power of their sovereigns.
Hungarian nationalists converted the two countries into a dual monarchy in 1867, called the Austro-Hungarian Empire
THE UNITED STATES
Several states recognised it for white men in the early 1800s
most members of the Union had approved it
great territorial expansion to the west
resulted in the submission of the indigenous population and violent repression of any resistance
tribes were confined to reservations and their territories were occupied by white settlers.
tried to form an independent state, the Confederate States of America
led War Between the States (1861–1865)
led American Civil War
President Abraham Lincoln, all slaves were freed
established racial segregation with frequent violence against black people
ELLIS ISLAND
19th century, some 45 million Europeans emigrated to young countries
colonial dominions such as the United States, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and Canada
the port of New York, became a symbol of great waves of European migrants arriving in the United States.
Today, the island is a museum that pays tribute to all the people who passed through it
THE RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1820
(1820) parts of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Piedmont
revolutions inspired by the Spanish Constitution written in Cádiz in 1812
Holy Alliance took part in military interventions in Spain, Naples and Piedmont
reinstated absolutism
declined due to divisions among its members and to Great Britain’s criticism of its work
absolutist troops did not penetrate Portugal due to British opposition
(1822) revolutionary outbreaks in France and Russia
easily stopped
democratic assembly declared Greece’s independence from the absolutist power of the Ottoman Empire
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1830
king of France, Louis XVIII, was succeeded by Charles X
hoped to reign in an absolutist way ignoring the limits of his predecessor’s French Charter
large sectors of the French bourgeoisie had liberal ideas which did not match the monarch’s aspirations
1830, groups of intellectuals, students and workers organised the July Revolution in Paris
against the absolutist tendencies of Charles X within an economic crisis
king abdicated
was established under Louis Philippe of Orleans
abolished censorship and extended the right to vote.
LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE BY FERDINAND-EUGÈNE-VICTOR DELACROIX (1798–1863)
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1848
Louis Philippe of Orleans’ reign was becoming more conservative
discontent among radical liberals
workers suffered the most from the effects of an intense international economic crisis that began in 1845
led to a revolution in which the Second French Republic was proclaimed
The workers played an important part in establishing universal manhood suffrage and measures to guarantee employment
Luis Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon’s nephew, was later elected president
proclaimed the Second French Empire in 1851, and was crowned Napoleon III.
Revolution of 1848 spread to cities in Austria, the German Confederation, Italy and Russia
