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NUH MAJOR MINERALS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - achieve Peak Bone Mass
        
        before 30!
        
        reduce chance of osteoporosis in later life
  - - - factors that adhance absorption
        
        physiological need-pregnant women and growing children_up to 50% absorption
        
        stomach acidity help keep calcium soluble and absorbable
        
        Vit D makes calcium binding protein for absorption in the GI
    - - lack of stomach acid and vit D
      - Zn2+, Mg2+ compete with calcium for absorption
      - Dietary fibers (increases transit time & reduces time available
        for calcium absorption)
      - Oxalates(beet greens, rhubarb & spinach) and phytates( seeds, nuts & grains) bind with calcium
  - - - Chronic hypocalcemia ➔ stunted growth of children, failure to achieve maximal bone density and bone loss in adults(osteoporosis)
    - - Osteoporosis (‘porous’ bones): a condition in adults where bones
        become porous & fragile due to loss of minerals
      - more prone to bone fracture
      - prevalent in postmenopausal women
        
        because they lose estrogen at the time of menopause, which accelerates bone loss
- - - - Examples
        
        legumes
        
        meat (liver)
        
        sunflower seeds, almonds
        
        milk products
        
        processed food
- - - - Regulates muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, blood clotting, blood pressure and immune system
- - - - Hemoglobin in the RBCs transports oxygen from the lungs to cells thruout the body
      - Myoglobin in muscle cells carries oxygen from the blood into the muscle cells
  - - - increased absorption when consumed with vit D
      - factors enhancing absorption
        
        . Acidic condition – adequate gastric HCl or presence of citiric or lactic acid in foods
        
        Vitamin C- keeps iron in reduced ferrous form (Fe2+)
        
        MFP factor – Meat, Fish & Poultry contain a factor that promotes absorption of non-heme iron present in same foods or other foods eaten at the same time
      - factors inhibiting absorption
        
        Inadequate acidic condition – inadequate gastric HCl
        
        Absence of MFP factor
        
        Phytates & fiber (grains & vegetables)
        
        Oxalates (spinach, beets, rhubarb)
        
        Calcium & phosphorus (milk)
        
        Tannic acid & other polyphenols (coffee & tea)
        
        Zinc competes with iron for absorptio
  - - - ▪ Fatigue & breathlessness with exertion ➔ decreased work performance
      - ▪ Microcytic, hypochromic anemia (small, pale RBCs) ➔paleness of skin and lining of eye
      - ▪ Behavioural changes- short attention span, irritability
      - ▪ Impaired immune function, cognitive function & growth
- - - - helps regulate blood pressure and heartbeat
  - - - Usually caused by excessive losses – prolonged vomiting, diarrhea & the
        use of certain drugs
      - Symptoms: irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance
- - - - occurs with vitamins - thiamin & biotin, and amino acids
- - - - Function
        
        Assist in nerve impulse transmission
        
        Role in muscle contraction
        
        Help in absorption of some nutrients e.g.
        glucose
        
        maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance
      - Food source
        
        naturally-occurring, added in cooking, processed food
      - Calculation
        
        Sodium comprises 40% by
        weight of NaCl
        
        eg.(2g of salt, how much is NaCl?)
        
        40/100 x 2g = 0.8g / 800 mg of sodium
      - Deficiency
        
        • Body will adapt by reducing sodium losses in urine and sweat
        
        • Deficiency can occur with vomiting, diarrhea & heavy sweating(Hyponatremia)
        
        • Symptoms: muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite
        
        • Need sodium & water replacement