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NUH MAJOR MINERALS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - helps regulate blood pressure and heartbeat
  - - - malfunctioning kidneys, overconsumption of potassium salts or
        supplements or an excess of intravenous potassium
      - symptoms
        
        Symptoms: irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance
  - - - Usually caused by excessive losses – prolonged vomiting, diarrhea & the
        use of certain drugs
      - Symptoms: irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance
- - - - achieve Peak Bone Mass
        
        before 30!
        
        reduce chance of osteoporosis in later life
  - - - factors that adhance absorption
        
        physiological need-pregnant women and growing children_up to 50% absorption
        
        stomach acidity help keep calcium soluble and absorbable
        
        Vit D makes calcium binding protein for absorption in the GI
- - - - Maintains normal fluid & electrolyte balance
      - Principal cation of the ECF and primary regulator of its
        volume.
      - maintain blood pressure & thus
        fluid balance
      - Function
        
        Assist in nerve impulse transmission
        
        Role in muscle contraction
        
        Help in absorption of some nutrients e.g.
        glucose
        
        Help in absorption of some nutrients e.g.
        glucose
      - Food source
        
        naturally-occurring, added in cooking, processed food
      - Recommendation
        
        Sodium <2000mg = Salt <5g
        
        Average intake of salt for an adult = 9 g / day
      - Calculation
        
        Sodium comprises 40% by
        weight of NaCl
        
        eg.(2g of salt, how much is NaCl?)
        
        40/100 x 2g = 0.8g / 800 mg of sodium
      - Consumption
        
        Overconsumption
        
        who's at risk?
        
        people who are/with
        
        Genetically sodium - sensitive
        
        ➢ Chronic renal disease
        
        ➢ Diabetes
        
        ➢ People over 50 most likely to be
        
        salt sensitive
        
        effects
        
        raise risk of heart disease and stroke
        
        high blood pressure-hypertension
        
        too much salt retains more water in blood, increase blood volume
        
        blood vessels become narrow and hardened
        
        1 more item...
        
        Underconsumption-Hypotension
      - Toxicity
        
        sodium can be toxic but as long as water needs are met and kidneys function, body can regulate and remove excess sodium via urine
        
        if its vice versa, there will be retention of Na+ & water in the
        blood ➔ Hypernatremia & Hypervolemia
        
        symptoms:edema & acute hypertension
      - Deficiency
        
        • Body will adapt by reducing sodium losses in urine and sweat
        
        • Deficiency can occur with vomiting, diarrhea & heavy sweating(Hyponatremia)
        
        • Symptoms: muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite
        
        • Need sodium & water replacement