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PROTIST - Chapter 5, Five Supergroups - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Giardia intestrinalis sp.
        
        Unicellular eukaryotes, multiple flagella, most are parasitic
        
        one of the most primitive eukaryotes that have 2 non-fused-equal-sized nuclei
        
        survives outside the body as cysts (found in vertebrate feces-contaminated water)
        
        Symptoms:
        
        bloating (gas)
        
        nausea
        
        intestinal cramps
        
        explosive and foul-smelling water diarrhea
        
        lead to weight loss, and dehydration due to loss of bodily fluids.
    - - Characteristics:
        
        no plastids
        
        reduced and modified mitochondria
        
        no DNA, no mitosomes
        
        energy by glycolysis (Anaerobes)
        
        release H2 as by-product
        
        mitochondria evolve later than nucleus
      - Trichomonas sp.
        
        Specific Characteristics
        
        hydrogenosomes, reduced mitochondria
        
        parasites, or symbionts, or commensals
        
        cause of STDS
        
        Women symptoms:
        
        foul smelling
        
        frothy green discharge
        
        vaginal itching
        
        redness
        
        can transmit to the males' urethras
        
        Men symptoms:
        
        irritation inside the penis
        
        mild discharge
        
        slight burning after urination or ejaculation
        
        at least one parabasal/Golgi apparatus, and Axostyle(parabasal filament)
      - Trichonympha sp.
        
        Specific Characteristics
        
        inside of termites' gut
        
        digest cellulose in the consumed woods
        
        cellulose = energy
    - - Characteristics:
        
        asexually via mitosis
        
        has pellicle (eyespot light receptor)
        
        has Paramylon (glucose polymer that store molecule)
        
        1-2 flagella emerge at the end of the body
        
        Motile freshwater unicellular flagellates
        
        Euglenids & Kinetoplastids
        
        Trypanosomes
        
        Kinetoplastids: clump of DNA in mitochondria of flagellates
        
        Trypanosoma brucei sp. (African Sleeping Sickness)
        
        targets host's central nervous system
        
        Trypanosoma cruzi sp. (Kissing Bug)
        
        could cause enlargements toward the eyelids, liver, spleen, face, brain and heart.
        
        "Bait-and-switch" defense
        
        surface proteins switch each time the host immune system try to recognize and attack them
        
        confuse host immune system
        
        Crystalline rod inside the flagella
        
        Parasites
        
        Mixotrophs
        
        Autotrophs
        
        Chlorophylls a & b, yellow/orange carotenoids (same on green algae & plant)
        
        if no light, change to
        
        Heterotrophs
        
        via phagocytosis
        
        2 more items...
        
        ingest or absorb organic compounds in the water
        
        can be predatory
- - - - Characteristics
        
        nuclei
        
        small micronuclei
        
        function during conjugation:
        
        conjugation separates from reproduction, which generally occurs in binary fission
        
        a sexual process that produces genetic variation
        
        large macronuclei
        
        has cilias
        
        moves
        
        eats
        
        a hairlike structure
        
        extends through the pellicle's pore
        
        Lifestyle
        
        65% are free living and motiel
        
        Attached to substrates
        
        Permanently
        
        Temporarily
        
        30% are symbionts
        
        others are parasites
      - Species
        
        Paramecium sp.
        
        higher internal solute conc. = water diffuse into cell via osmosis
        
        water enters contractile vacuoles
        
        filled vacuoles = forces water through pore towards outside
      - Reproduction
        
        Asexual
        
        Binary Fission
        
        Body divides into two
        
        Sexual
        
        Conjugation
        
        joint at oral surface
        
        macronucleus disintegrates
        
        micronucleus went Meiosis I and II
        
        yields four haploid micronuclei
        
        3 disintegrate
        
        1 undergoes mitosis
        
        1 more item...
    - - Parasites
        
        forms sporozoites
        
        motile infective stage
        
        can transmit to next host
        
        some have encysted stage
      - Unique Organelle called an apical complex
        
        with purpose to invade host cells tissues
      - Reproduction
        
        Sexual
        
        Asexual
        
        Require two+ different host sp. for completion
      - Species
        
        Cryptosporodium
        
        waterborne disease
        
        invade small intestine
        
        invade respiratory system
        
        cause water diarrhea
        
        slight fever
        
        able to complete within a single host
        
        cyst stages
        
        excreted in feces
        
        Pneumocystis
        
        cause pneumonia with weakened immune systems
        
        AIDS, cancer, or bone marrow transplantion
        
        Pneumocystis carinii
        
        life threatening
        
        death may occur due to respiratory failure
        
        Toxoplasma
        
        host: domestic & wild cats
        
        flu-like symptoms
        
        dangerous to pregnant women
        
        can cause miscarriage
        
        birth defect
        
        Toxoplasma gondii
        
        multiplies in cat's intestine, shed in cat feces
        
        can infect human via ingestion
        
        on the parasites cysts
        
        raw meat
        
        undercooked meat
        
        transmitted during pregnancy via placenta
        
        Plasmodium
        
        Parasite that causes malaria
        
        requires both mosquitoes & humans to complete life cycle
        
        Life Cycles
        
        Sporozoites
        
        infected mosquito bites human
        
        insides liver cells
        
        1 more item...
        
        Merozoites
        
        reproduces asexually
        
        ruptures the blood cells
        
        causes chills
        
        high fever
        
        some remains in blood as:
        
        Gametocytes
        
        mosquito bites infected human
        
        picks some gametocytes
        
        1 more item...
    - - Flagellates
      - Trophs
        
        Mixotrophs
        
        Autotrophs
        
        Heterotrophs
      - Unicellular
        
        some are colonial
      - Characteristics:
        
        reinforced by internal plates of cellulose
        
        Most are photosynthetic cells
        
        Posses chlorophylls a & c
        
        carotenoids like fucoxanthin
        
        Some are symbionts with corals
        
        others are bioluminescent
        
        emit short flashes of light when disturbed
      - Effect
        
        Algae Bloom
        
        Explosive population growth
        
        High density of dinoflagellates
        
        Feeds on raw sewage
        
        Nitrogen
        
        Phosphorus
        
        Other nutrients
        
        some sp. produces neurotoxins
        
        Affects
        
        Fishes
        
        Birds
        
        Human that consumes the fishes (Brain damage lol)
      - Species
        
        Pfiesteria sp.
        
        ambushes predators
        
        releases toxin that paralyzes the respiratory sys. of the fish
        
        death due to suffocation
        
        Pfiesteria piscicida sp.
        
        24 non toxic & toxic flagellated form, dormant encysted form, & nontoxic amoeboid stages
        
        cause great losses in fishing industry
        
        Stages:
        
        Encysted Stage
        
        release toxins from escaping
        
        Toxic Flagellated Stage
        
        attaches to fish, and suck them juices dry. rip nemo
        
        Amoeboid Stage
        
        feeds on dead fish
    - - forming a flexible pellicle
      - helps stabilizing cell's face
      - regulate cell's water and ion content
  - - - hint the endosymbiotic encounters of the past
- - - - Gymnoamoebas
      - Slime molds
        
        Myxogastrida
        
        Dictyostelida
      - Entamoebas