PROTIST - Chapter 5
History
Back then = no oxygen = anaerobes tons n superior = habitat: anaerobic habitat
Five Supergroups
E Excavata
C Chromalveolata
R Rhizaria
A Archaeplastida
U Unikonta
General Characteristics
Nutrition
Groups
Size
Reproduction
Habitat
Characterized by Cytoskeleton
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Giardia intestrinalis sp.
Characteristics:
no plastids
reduced and modified mitochondria
no DNA, no mitosomes
energy by glycolysis (Anaerobes)
mitochondria evolve later than nucleus
Unicellular eukaryotes, multiple flagella, most are parasitic
one of the most primitive eukaryotes that have 2 non-fused-equal-sized nuclei
survives outside the body as cysts (found in vertebrate feces-contaminated water)
Symptoms:
bloating (gas)
nausea
intestinal cramps
explosive and foul-smelling water diarrhea
lead to weight loss, and dehydration due to loss of bodily fluids.
Trichomonas sp.
Specific Characteristics
hydrogenosomes, reduced mitochondria
parasites, or symbionts, or commensals
cause of STDS
Women symptoms:
foul smelling
frothy green discharge
vaginal itching
redness
can transmit to the males' urethras
Men symptoms:
irritation inside the penis
mild discharge
slight burning after urination or ejaculation
Trichonympha sp.
Specific Characteristics
inside of termites' gut
digest cellulose in the consumed woods
cellulose = energy
Characteristics:
asexually via mitosis
has pellicle (eyespot light receptor)
has Paramylon (glucose polymer that store molecule)
1-2 flagella emerge at the end of the body
Motile freshwater unicellular flagellates
Euglenids & Kinetoplastids
Crystalline rod inside the flagella
Parasites
Mixotrophs
Autotrophs
Chlorophylls a & b, yellow/orange carotenoids (same on green algae & plant)
if no light, change to
Heterotrophs
via phagocytosis
protists
engulf bacterias
ingest or absorb organic compounds in the water
can be predatory
Trypanosomes
Kinetoplastids: clump of DNA in mitochondria of flagellates
Trypanosoma brucei sp. (African Sleeping Sickness)
Trypanosoma cruzi sp. (Kissing Bug)
could cause enlargements toward the eyelids, liver, spleen, face, brain and heart.
targets host's central nervous system
"Bait-and-switch" defense
surface proteins switch each time the host immune system try to recognize and attack them
confuse host immune system
Alveolates
Stramenopiles
Ciliates
Apicomplexan
Dinoflagellates
Oomycetes
Golden Algae/Chrysophyta
Diatoms/Bacillariophyta
Brown Algae/Phaeophyta
has alveoli (membrane-bounded sacs)
Parasites
Flagellates
forming a flexible pellicle
helps stabilizing cell's face
regulate cell's water and ion content
Characteristics
nuclei
small micronuclei
Species
Paramecium sp.
has cilias
moves
eats
a hairlike structure
extends through the pellicle's pore
higher internal solute conc. = water diffuse into cell via osmosis
water enters contractile vacuoles
filled vacuoles = forces water through pore towards outside
function during conjugation:
conjugation separates from reproduction, which generally occurs in binary fission
a sexual process that produces genetic variation
Reproduction
large macronuclei
Asexual
Sexual
Binary Fission
Body divides into two
Conjugation
joint at oral surface
macronucleus disintegrates
micronucleus went Meiosis I and II
yields four haploid micronuclei
3 disintegrate
1 undergoes mitosis
yields 2 haploid micronuclei
each conjugating Paramecium will swap micronucleus before separating
migrant haploid micronucleus haploid with stationary haploid micronucleus in the cell
after the two cells separated, 3 rounds of mitosis produce 8 micronuclei
turns to micronucleus & macronucleus in 4 daughter cells after cytokinesis
Lifestyle
65% are free living and motiel
Attached to substrates
Permanently
Temporarily
30% are symbionts
others are parasites
at least one parabasal/Golgi apparatus, and Axostyle(parabasal filament)
release H2 as by-product
click to edit
Unique Organelle called an apical complex
with purpose to invade host cells tissues
Reproduction
forms sporozoites
motile infective stage
can transmit to next host
some have encysted stage
Sexual
Asexual
Require two+ different host sp. for completion
Species
Cryptosporodium
waterborne disease
invade small intestine
invade respiratory system
cause water diarrhea
slight fever
able to complete within a single host
cyst stages
excreted in feces
Pneumocystis
cause pneumonia with weakened immune systems
AIDS, cancer, or bone marrow transplantion
Pneumocystis carinii
life threatening
death may occur due to respiratory failure
Toxoplasma
host: domestic & wild cats
flu-like symptoms
dangerous to pregnant women
can cause miscarriage
birth defect
Toxoplasma gondii
multiplies in cat's intestine, shed in cat feces
can infect human via ingestion
on the parasites cysts
raw meat
undercooked meat
transmitted during pregnancy via placenta
Plasmodium
Parasite that causes malaria
requires both mosquitoes & humans to complete life cycle
Life Cycles
Sporozoites
Merozoites
Gametocytes
infected mosquito bites human
insides liver cells
develops into
reproduces asexually
ruptures the blood cells
causes chills
high fever
some remains in blood as:
mosquito bites infected human
picks some gametocytes
develops into gametes
fuse to form zygote
zygotes to sporozoites
click to edit
Cycle repeats back to Sporozoites
Trophs
Mixotrophs
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Unicellular
some are colonial
Characteristics:
reinforced by internal plates of cellulose
Most are photosynthetic cells
Posses chlorophylls a & c
carotenoids like fucoxanthin
Some are symbionts with corals
others are bioluminescent
emit short flashes of light when disturbed
Effect
Algae Bloom
Explosive population growth
High density of dinoflagellates
Feeds on raw sewage
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Other nutrients
some sp. produces neurotoxins
Affects
Fishes
Birds
Human that consumes the fishes (Brain damage lol)
Species
Pfiesteria sp.
ambushes predators
releases toxin that paralyzes the respiratory sys. of the fish
death due to suffocation
Pfiesteria piscicida sp.
24 non toxic & toxic flagellated form, dormant encysted form, & nontoxic amoeboid stages
cause great losses in fishing industry
Stages:
Encysted Stage
release toxins from escaping
Toxic Flagellated Stage
attaches to fish, and suck them juices dry. rip nemo
Amoeboid Stage
feeds on dead fish
Most have two flagella (1 hairy flagellum (feather-like) + 1 smooth flagellum)
have 4 outer membranes
hint the endosymbiotic encounters of the past
Foraminifera
Radiolaria
Rhodophyta
Chlorophyta
Amoebozoans
Opisthokonts
Lobe-shaped pseudopods
Fungi + Animals
Gymnoamoebas
Slime molds
Entamoebas
Myxogastrida
Dictyostelida