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Hydrocarbon Derivatives - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Polyhaloalkanes
        
        replacing two or more H atoms with halogen.
    - - Colorless when pure, pleasant odor
      - Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene but insoluble in water.
      - Boiling and melting points increase with the kind of halogen and the size of the alkyl group.
    - - Carbon Tetrachloride
      - Chloroform
      - Iodoform
      - Dichloromethane or methylene chloride
      - Chlorofluorocarbon
  - - - :1. Replacement of the halogen atom when treated with either excess aqueous ammonia or NaOH with heat and pressure.
      - Replacement of the hydrogen atoms in the o-position when treated with a halogen.
    - - Boiling point increases as the halogen atom gets bigger.
      - Insoluble in water and are denser than water.
    - - Organic synthesis
      - Commercial production of aniline, phenol, picric acid.
- - - - -OH functional group is bonded to secondary carbon atom
    - - -OH functional group is bonded to primary tertiary atom
    - - -OH functional group is bonded to primary carbon atom
    - - one or more H atoms in the aromatic nucleus have been replaced by OH groups
    - - OH group has replaced H atom in a side chain
    - - By replacement of the atom of the -OH group
        
        By dehydration to give unsaturated derivatives
        
        By oxidation
    - - Densities and boiling points of alcohols increase with an increase in C content together with the solubility in hydrocarbon solvent, but the solubility in water decreases.
    - - preparation of esters and as solvents
      - rubbing alcohol
      - motor fuel for speedboats
      - ingredient in alcohol beverages
      - used in lacquer industry
      - production of nitroglycerin (explosive)
      - antifreeze
  - - - when the alkyl groups are identical
    - - when the alkyl groups are different
    - - lower boiling points than alcohols but higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molecular weights.
    - - Single cleavage at the oxygen linkage when treated with cold concentrated hydriodic acid
        
        Double cleavage when treated with phosphorus pentachloride, and heated
        
        Substitution on the hydrocarbon chain with Cl or Br
        
        Formation of unstable peroxides
    - - solvents
      - Dimethyl ether is refrigerant
      - Diethyl ether, when mixed with gasoline, marketed as a cold weather fuel and also has limited use as a general anesthetic
      - organic solvent
  - - - In the IUPAC rules of naming, the aldehydes are associated with the ending -al
      - ketones, with the ending -one
      - In numbering the Cs in the parent chain, the carbonyl carbon is always the first carbon in an aldehyde
      - in ketones, the carbonyl C must be given the lower number possible by numbering the Cs of the parent chain from its nearer end
    - - By oxidation
        
        By reduction when treated with appropriate reducing agents
        
        By addition reaction across the doble bond when treated when Grignard reagent
        
        By substitution of O or a hydrogen in the alpha carbon.
        
        By condensation.
  - - - Ethanoic or acetic is a colorless liquid with a penetrating odor and a sour state, and is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether in all proportions
      - Butanoic or butyric acid is a thick, sour liquid with a disagreeable odor
      - Ethanoic or acetic is a colorless liquid with a penetrating odor and a sour state, and is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether in all proportions
      - Hexadecanoic or palmitric acid octadecanoic or stearic acid are colorless, waxy solid
    - - Substitution
        
        Dehydration and decarboxylation when vapors of the acids are passed over manganous oxide at 300°C
        
        Oxidation
    - - disinfecting hides
      - brewing industries
      - coagulant for rubber latex
      - dyeing of textiles
      - tanning of leather
      - preparation of important solvents
      - making shoe
      - metal polishes
      - production of cosmetic cream
      - softener in rubber
- - - - 2 RSH
      - R-S-SR+H20
    - - RCOOH acid + R'SH thiol
        
        RC = OS-R'+HOH thioester
      - S analogs of esthers
      - Dimethyl Sulfoxide
        
        Polar and Nonpolar compounds
    - - Diallyl Sulfide (garlic flavor)
      - Divinyl Sulfide (onion flavor)
  - - - Sulfhydryl Group